Spin femtoscopy is proposed to separate genuine two-particle spin correlations from quantum statistics and final-state interaction effects via spin-sensitive correlation functions on Lambda pairs.
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Liu, Y .-W
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abstract
In the past two decades, a plethora of hadronic states beyond the conventional quark model of $q\bar{q}$ mesons and $qqq$ baryons have been observed experimentally, which motivated extensive studies to understand their nature and the non-perturbative strong interaction. Since most of these exotic states are near the mass thresholds of a pair of conventional hadrons, the prevailing picture is that they are primarily hadronic molecules. In principle, one can verify the molecular nature of these states by thoroughly comparing their masses, decay widths, and production rates in a particular picture with experimental data. However, this is difficult or impossible. First, quantum mechanics allows for the mixing of configurations allowed by symmetries and quantum numbers. Second, data are relatively scarce because of their small production rates and the many difficulties in the experimental measurements. As a result, other alternatives need to be explored. This review summarizes three such approaches that can help disentangle the nature of the many exotic hadrons discovered. In the first approach, based on the molecular interpretations for some exotic states, we study the likely existence of multiplets of hadronic molecules related by various symmetries, such as isospin symmetry, SU(3)-flavor symmetry, heavy quark spin/flavor symmetry, and heavy antiquark diquark symmetry. In the second approach, starting from some hadronic molecular candidates, one can derive the underlying hadron-hadron interactions. With these interactions, one can study related three-body systems and check whether three-body bound states/resonances exist. In the third approach, one can turn to the femtoscopy technique to derive the hadron-hadron interactions, hence inaccessible. This technique provided an unprecedented opportunity to understand the interactions between unstable hadrons.
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A statistical method expresses pair correlations as ensemble averages over single-particle-conditioned kernels, enabling event-by-event reconstruction of rare-particle emission sources, demonstrated on simulated J/ψ data with 13% uncertainty.
Chiral symmetry corrections in lattice QCD fits shift the D0*(2300) resonance pole closer to the Dπ threshold and reduce its width, while coupled channels produce a two-pole structure.
A model-independent minimum in short-range production rates of dimer-spectator systems allows precise mass extraction for near-threshold states via a fixed relation to the observed dip position.
Relativistic U(3) chiral EFT at NLO yields scattering lengths that match lattice data and identifies D_s1(2460) as an SU(3) triplet bound-state pole and D1(2430) as a triplet-sextet pole pair, none of which are conventional q-bar q states.
Fitting a spectator-isobar three-body unitary amplitude to BESIII K0S K0S pi0 data yields poles at (1277±2±1)-i(12±1±0) MeV for f1(1285) and (1435±2±7)-i(40±2±1) MeV for f1(1420), with the latter traced to a K Kbar* quasi-bound state.
A unitarized fixed-center approximation predicts a narrow KX(3872) bound state 50 MeV below threshold and a characteristic femtoscopic correlation function.
A radius-dependent chromoelectric interaction in the MIT bag model predicts that the state T_ncs̄n̄(0+, 2.925) is a compact tetraquark candidate corresponding to the experimentally observed T_c̄s0^a(2900).
QCD sum rules yield lowest masses of 1.53-2.34 GeV for light 1^{--} tetraquarks across isoscalar, isovector and isotensor sectors plus one 1^{-+} isotensor mass of 2.19 GeV.
Calculates B(Y(4230) → γ G0(3900)) = 3.8×10^{-5}–3.3×10^{-4} assuming P-wave molecular interpretations for both states and a triangle mechanism.
A coupled-channel framework is developed and fitted to BESIII data on vector charmonium-like states in the 4.1-4.6 GeV range, concluding that coupled-channel effects with dynamically generated poles explain the line shapes.
Numerical correlation functions computed from effective potentials exhibit enhancements that indicate the hadronic molecular nature of the Ω(2012), Ω(2380), and Ωc(3120) resonances.
Joint analysis of experimental and lattice data confirms Z_c(3900) and Z_cs(3985) as SU(3) flavor partners with pole masses (3879.6 ± 4.8) MeV and (3976.9 ± 5.1) MeV, half-widths (32.2 ± 4.7) MeV and (28.8 ± 5.9) MeV, both resonances.
The DDK system supports a deeply bound compact state across wide parameters and possibly a shallow three-body halo state near the D-DK threshold, with negligible D*D*K coupling and no resonances.
Unquenched coupled-channel calculations yield sizable 2P–1F mixing angles of 7.5° and 15.4° for the χ_c2 charmonia, with predicted two-photon and two-gluon widths as experimental tests.
The K D_s0*(2317) system develops a narrow resonance 40 MeV below threshold under the fixed-center molecular assumption, producing a characteristic correlation function for strong attraction.
Born-Oppenheimer approximation calculations for doubly heavy hadrons match Gaussian expansion benchmarks at small heavy quark masses but diverge at larger masses, with Slater-type functions overestimating and Gaussian-type underestimating binding energies.
Leading-order predictions for three-body point production rates of B and B* meson systems are derived in short-range NREFT from two-body input alone.
Triangle singularities mimicking resonances are analyzed in the presence of final-state rescattering using Landau equations and a scattering formalism enforcing two- and three-body unitarity.
Fits using coupled channels and bare states show the psi(4660) as a conventional charmonium state above the Lambda_c pair threshold in both Belle and BESIII datasets.
The DNN system forms a robust compact bound state in the I=1/2 (1^-) channel across cutoffs, while D*NN exhibits spin-dependent bound states in 0^-, 1^-, and 2^- channels with no resonances found.
citing papers explorer
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Spin Femtoscopy: A Framework for Revealing Genuine Spin Correlations
Spin femtoscopy is proposed to separate genuine two-particle spin correlations from quantum statistics and final-state interaction effects via spin-sensitive correlation functions on Lambda pairs.
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Reconstructing rare particle source by femtoscopic correlations
A statistical method expresses pair correlations as ensemble averages over single-particle-conditioned kernels, enabling event-by-event reconstruction of rare-particle emission sources, demonstrated on simulated J/ψ data with 13% uncertainty.
-
Analysis of the $D_0^*(2300)$ resonance from lattice QCD under chiral symmetry
Chiral symmetry corrections in lattice QCD fits shift the D0*(2300) resonance pole closer to the Dπ threshold and reduce its width, while coupled channels produce a two-pole structure.
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Model-independent mass determination of near-threshold states from short-range production
A model-independent minimum in short-range production rates of dimer-spectator systems allows precise mass extraction for near-threshold states via a fixed relation to the observed dip position.
-
The $D_{s1}(2460)$ and other open-charm $1^+$ states in relativistic chiral effective field theory
Relativistic U(3) chiral EFT at NLO yields scattering lengths that match lattice data and identifies D_s1(2460) as an SU(3) triplet bound-state pole and D1(2430) as a triplet-sextet pole pair, none of which are conventional q-bar q states.
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Three-body unitary determination of the $f_1(1285)$ and $f_1(1420)$ pole positions
Fitting a spectator-isobar three-body unitary amplitude to BESIII K0S K0S pi0 data yields poles at (1277±2±1)-i(12±1±0) MeV for f1(1285) and (1435±2±7)-i(40±2±1) MeV for f1(1420), with the latter traced to a K Kbar* quasi-bound state.
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$KX(3872)$ interaction and correlation function
A unitarized fixed-center approximation predicts a narrow KX(3872) bound state 50 MeV below threshold and a characteristic femtoscopic correlation function.
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Compactness, mass spectra, and strong stability of singly heavy tetraquarks
A radius-dependent chromoelectric interaction in the MIT bag model predicts that the state T_ncs̄n̄(0+, 2.925) is a compact tetraquark candidate corresponding to the experimentally observed T_c̄s0^a(2900).
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Light tetraquark states with $J^{PC}=1^{--}$ from QCD sum rules
QCD sum rules yield lowest masses of 1.53-2.34 GeV for light 1^{--} tetraquarks across isoscalar, isovector and isotensor sectors plus one 1^{-+} isotensor mass of 2.19 GeV.
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Searching for the pseudoscalar partner of $G(3900)$ via radiative $Y(4230)$ decays
Calculates B(Y(4230) → γ G0(3900)) = 3.8×10^{-5}–3.3×10^{-4} assuming P-wave molecular interpretations for both states and a triangle mechanism.
-
Vector charmonium(-like) states in the energy range of 4.1-4.6 GeV
A coupled-channel framework is developed and fitted to BESIII data on vector charmonium-like states in the 4.1-4.6 GeV range, concluding that coupled-channel effects with dynamically generated poles explain the line shapes.
-
Probing the hadronic molecular nature of the $\Omega(2012)$, $\Omega(2380)$, and $\Omega_c(3120)$ via femtoscopy correlation functions
Numerical correlation functions computed from effective potentials exhibit enhancements that indicate the hadronic molecular nature of the Ω(2012), Ω(2380), and Ωc(3120) resonances.
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Determination of the $Z_c(3900)$ and the $Z_{cs}(3985)$ states from joint analysis of experimental and lattice data
Joint analysis of experimental and lattice data confirms Z_c(3900) and Z_cs(3985) as SU(3) flavor partners with pole masses (3879.6 ± 4.8) MeV and (3976.9 ± 5.1) MeV, half-widths (32.2 ± 4.7) MeV and (28.8 ± 5.9) MeV, both resonances.
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Coupled-channel study of the three-body $DDK$ and $D^{*}D^{*}K$
The DDK system supports a deeply bound compact state across wide parameters and possibly a shallow three-body halo state near the D-DK threshold, with negligible D*D*K coupling and no resonances.
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Proposed mixing between $2P$ and $1F$ wave charmonia
Unquenched coupled-channel calculations yield sizable 2P–1F mixing angles of 7.5° and 15.4° for the χ_c2 charmonia, with predicted two-photon and two-gluon widths as experimental tests.
-
Correlation function and bound state from the $K D_{s0}^*(2317)$ interaction
The K D_s0*(2317) system develops a narrow resonance 40 MeV below threshold under the fixed-center molecular assumption, producing a characteristic correlation function for strong attraction.
-
Assessing the validity of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in potential models for doubly heavy hadrons
Born-Oppenheimer approximation calculations for doubly heavy hadrons match Gaussian expansion benchmarks at small heavy quark masses but diverge at larger masses, with Slater-type functions overestimating and Gaussian-type underestimating binding energies.
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Short-range production of three bottom mesons
Leading-order predictions for three-body point production rates of B and B* meson systems are derived in short-range NREFT from two-body input alone.
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Effects of Final State Interactions on Landau Singularities
Triangle singularities mimicking resonances are analyzed in the presence of final-state rescattering using Landau equations and a scattering formalism enforcing two- and three-body unitarity.
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Does $\psi(4660)$ exist?
Fits using coupled channels and bare states show the psi(4660) as a conventional charmonium state above the Lambda_c pair threshold in both Belle and BESIII datasets.
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Three-body molecular states composed of $D^{(*)}$ and two nucleons
The DNN system forms a robust compact bound state in the I=1/2 (1^-) channel across cutoffs, while D*NN exhibits spin-dependent bound states in 0^-, 1^-, and 2^- channels with no resonances found.