Non-parametric reconstruction of non-minimally coupled gravity with a smoothness prior on CMB, DESI BAO, supernovae, and DES data yields a 2.8σ hint for coupling and a preference for phantom divide crossing stabilized by the coupling.
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Hints of Nonminimally Coupled Gravity in DESI 2024 Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Measurements
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abstract
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) are two of the most robust observations in cosmology. The recent BAO measurements from the DESI collaboration have presented, for the first time, inconsistency between BAO and CMB within the standard cosmological model $\Lambda$CDM, indicating a preference for dynamical dark energy over a cosmological constant. We analyze the theoretical implication of the DESI BAO observation for dark energy and gravity employing a nonparametric reconstruction approach for both the dark energy equation of state $w_{\rm DE}(a)$ and the effective field theory coefficients. We find that the DESI data can rule out quintessence dark energy by indicating a crossing of the phantom divide at $z\lesssim1$. Furthermore, when analyzed within the broad context of Horndeski gravity which includes general relativity and many known modified gravity theories such as generalized Galileons, $f(R)$ and Brans-Dicke, our result implies that gravity should be nonminimally coupled to explain the observations, establishing the DESI result as the first hint of modified gravity. Based on these insights, we propose the \textit{thawing gravity} model to explain the nonminimal coupling and phantom crossing indicated by observation, which also fits better to DESI BAO, CMB and type Ia Supernovae data than $\Lambda$CDM.
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representative citing papers
A master screening equation is derived for luminal Horndeski gravity that recovers Vainshtein and Chameleon mechanisms and introduces Phaedrus screening with screening radius scaling linearly with source mass.
Full DES data from SN+BAO+3x2pt yields w0=-0.84, wa=-0.44 with 2.2σ deviation from ΛCDM; adding DESI+CMB reaches 3.0σ while 3x2pt improves figure of merit by ~10%.
Unified post-Newtonian analysis reveals that Palatini scalar-tensor theories often face weaker Solar System bounds than metric versions due to stronger Yukawa suppression, with Palatini f(R) reproducing GR limits for point sources unlike metric f(R).
A new quintessence model with non-minimal coupling produces an effective sign-switching interaction that fits current data better than LambdaCDM or w0waCDM and accounts for late-time dark energy weakening without phantom crossing.
KiDS-Legacy weak lensing plus CMB data yields a 3 sigma deviation in light deflection from GR in a Lambda CDM background, with the signal driven by large-scale CMB lensing amplitudes.
Bin-wise uncorrelated reconstruction from DESI/SDSS BAO and Pantheon+/Union3.1/DES-Dovekie supernovae yields dark energy density peaking then declining and equation of state oscillating with phantom crossing near z~0.7, consistent across datasets at moderate significance.
Weakly dissipative quintessence explains DESI phantom crossing in dark energy without pathological dynamics.
Evolving dark energy models lower the tension in DES Y3 Weyl potential measurements with GR+ΛCDM predictions to 1.6-2.2σ by changing the theoretical background evolution.
Modified gravity below O(10) Mpc in a CPL dynamical dark energy background is required to suppress structure growth at low redshifts while satisfying CMB constraints from ISW and lensing.
A sign-switching dark energy model (Λ_s CDM) recovers positive effective neutrino masses (0.055 ± 0.050 eV) consistent with oscillation data, unlike ΛCDM which prefers negative values (-0.075 eV), for DESI DR2 + CMB + supernova fits with z_† > 2.4.
Node-based reconstruction of cosmic expansion prefers stronger deceleration at z≈1.7 than smooth DE EoS parametrizations, isolating z~1.5-2 as a window where the latter may compress localized kinematic features permitted by current data.
Non-minimally coupled quintessence resolves the Planck-DESI Ω_m tension at >3σ while the effective equation of state stays above w=-1 and other tensions on neutrino mass and growth rate are relieved.
A swampland-inspired DM-EDE coupling is tested against DESI DR2 BAO data, showing the EDE potential construction affects late-time dark energy constraints.
Dynamical dark energy remains preferred across extended models while curvature, neutrino mass and inflation parameters show strong model dependence, with no resolution of the H0 tension.
Exponential IR f(T) gravity Model I alleviates Hubble tension but is disfavoured by combined Planck/ACT/SPT+DESI+Pantheon+ data; Model II is ruled out because background constraints force unphysical shifts in CMB parameters.
Axion EDE model fitted to Planck/ACT/SPT CMB, DESI BAO, and JWST UV luminosity function data yields H0 = 71.58 ± 1.05 km s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}, reduces H0 tension to 1.0 sigma, and improves Δχ^{2}_tot = -18.26 over Λ CDM.
Upper bounds on total neutrino mass in four phenomenological interacting dark energy models are derived from DESI DR2 BAO plus CMB and SNIa data, showing strong dependence on the interaction term form and statistical preference for models that tighten the bound below the oscillation lower limit.
Using CMB, SN, BAO and shear data, the work shows dynamical dark energy in MG models correlates with deviations from GR below z=2 at >95% CL, a link that holds for varying sound speed but vanishes for a cosmological constant.
Two three-parameter extensions of the mAH dark energy parametrization are compared to LambdaCDM, wCDM, CPL and others using CMB, DESI BAO, H(z), RSD and three SNIa samples, yielding Delta chi-squared improvements of 6-38 and 2-5 sigma tensions with LambdaCDM.
Extended analysis of DESI DR2 data confirms robust evidence for dynamical dark energy with phantom crossing preference, stable under parametric and non-parametric modeling.
Bulk viscous fluid models for dark energy yield improved fits to supernova, BAO, and CMB data over LambdaCDM, especially in the interacting non-minimal case.
Effective phantom dark energy is a background-level reconstruction that does not imply fundamental pathologies such as ghost instabilities or null energy condition violation by the underlying stress tensor.
Ghost-free non-local gravity fits Pantheon+, DESI, and H(z) data but fails with added CMB, while generalized exponential F(R) gravity outperforms Lambda CDM across all datasets including CMB.
citing papers explorer
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Late-time reconstruction of non-minimally coupled gravity with a smoothness prior
Non-parametric reconstruction of non-minimally coupled gravity with a smoothness prior on CMB, DESI BAO, supernovae, and DES data yields a 2.8σ hint for coupling and a preference for phantom divide crossing stabilized by the coupling.
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A Master Equation for Screening in Luminal Horndeski Gravity
A master screening equation is derived for luminal Horndeski gravity that recovers Vainshtein and Chameleon mechanisms and introduces Phaedrus screening with screening radius scaling linearly with source mass.
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Post-Newtonian Constraints on Scalar-Tensor Gravity
Unified post-Newtonian analysis reveals that Palatini scalar-tensor theories often face weaker Solar System bounds than metric versions due to stronger Yukawa suppression, with Palatini f(R) reproducing GR limits for point sources unlike metric f(R).
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Non-minimally coupled quintessence with sign-switching interaction
A new quintessence model with non-minimal coupling produces an effective sign-switching interaction that fits current data better than LambdaCDM or w0waCDM and accounts for late-time dark energy weakening without phantom crossing.
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Evidence for deviation in gravitational light deflection from general relativity at cosmological scales with KiDS-Legacy and CMB lensing
KiDS-Legacy weak lensing plus CMB data yields a 3 sigma deviation in light deflection from GR in a Lambda CDM background, with the signal driven by large-scale CMB lensing amplitudes.
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Reconstructing dark energy with fewer assumptions
Bin-wise uncorrelated reconstruction from DESI/SDSS BAO and Pantheon+/Union3.1/DES-Dovekie supernovae yields dark energy density peaking then declining and equation of state oscillating with phantom crossing near z~0.7, consistent across datasets at moderate significance.
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Signatures of Modified Gravity Below $\mathcal{O}(10)$ Mpc in a Dynamical Dark Energy Background
Modified gravity below O(10) Mpc in a CPL dynamical dark energy background is required to suppress structure growth at low redshifts while satisfying CMB constraints from ISW and lensing.
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Negative neutrino mass or negative dark energy?
A sign-switching dark energy model (Λ_s CDM) recovers positive effective neutrino masses (0.055 ± 0.050 eV) consistent with oscillation data, unlike ΛCDM which prefers negative values (-0.075 eV), for DESI DR2 + CMB + supernova fits with z_† > 2.4.
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Do equation of state parametrizations of dark energy faithfully capture the dynamics of the late universe?
Node-based reconstruction of cosmic expansion prefers stronger deceleration at z≈1.7 than smooth DE EoS parametrizations, isolating z~1.5-2 as a window where the latter may compress localized kinematic features permitted by current data.
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Resolving the Planck-DESI tension by nonminimally coupled quintessence
Non-minimally coupled quintessence resolves the Planck-DESI Ω_m tension at >3σ while the effective equation of state stays above w=-1 and other tensions on neutrino mass and growth rate are relieved.
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Intertwined Constraints in Extended Cosmologies: Dark Energy, Curvature, Neutrinos, and Inflation
Dynamical dark energy remains preferred across extended models while curvature, neutrino mass and inflation parameters show strong model dependence, with no resolution of the H0 tension.
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Cosmological Viability of Exponential Infrared $f(T)$ Gravity
Exponential IR f(T) gravity Model I alleviates Hubble tension but is disfavoured by combined Planck/ACT/SPT+DESI+Pantheon+ data; Model II is ruled out because background constraints force unphysical shifts in CMB parameters.
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Resolving the Hubble Tension in the Early Dark Energy Framework with JWST and DESI Data
Axion EDE model fitted to Planck/ACT/SPT CMB, DESI BAO, and JWST UV luminosity function data yields H0 = 71.58 ± 1.05 km s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}, reduces H0 tension to 1.0 sigma, and improves Δχ^{2}_tot = -18.26 over Λ CDM.
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Extended Dark Energy analysis using DESI DR2 BAO measurements
Extended analysis of DESI DR2 data confirms robust evidence for dynamical dark energy with phantom crossing preference, stable under parametric and non-parametric modeling.
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Dissipative Cosmology and the Nature of Dark Energy: Insights from Bulk Viscosity with DESI DR2 observations
Bulk viscous fluid models for dark energy yield improved fits to supernova, BAO, and CMB data over LambdaCDM, especially in the interacting non-minimal case.
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Effective Phantom Dark Energy: What Cosmological Reconstruction Does and Does Not Imply
Effective phantom dark energy is a background-level reconstruction that does not imply fundamental pathologies such as ghost instabilities or null energy condition violation by the underlying stress tensor.
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The Quintom theory of dark energy after DESI DR2
This review traces the history of dynamical dark energy, presents the no-go theorem against single-field crossing of w = -1, and surveys viable Quintom constructions including multi-field models and modified gravity in light of DESI DR2 hints.
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A short review on Quintom dark energy theory
Quintom dark energy models permit the equation of state to cross w=-1, supporting bouncing cosmologies and CMB-based tests of dark energy nature.
- Exploring the interplay of late-time dynamical dark energy and new physics before recombination