First measurement of dNch/dη in OO collisions at 5.36 TeV yields midrapidity densities of 41.8 overall and 135 in central events, consistent with PbPb per participant but showing deviations from simple scaling.
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Heavy Ion Collisions: The Big Picture, and the Big Questions
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abstract
Heavy ion collisions quickly form a droplet of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) with a remarkably small viscosity. We give an accessible introduction to how to study this smallest and hottest droplet of liquid made on earth and why it is so interesting. The physics of heavy ions ranges from highly energetic quarks and gluons described by perturbative QCD to a bath of strongly interacting gluons at lower energy scales. These gluons quickly thermalize and form QGP, while the energetic partons traverse this plasma and end in a shower of particles called jets. Analyzing the final particles in a variety of different ways allows us to study the properties of QGP and the complex dynamics of multi-scale processes in QCD which govern its formation and evolution, providing what is perhaps the simplest form of complex quantum matter that we know of. Much remains to be understood, and throughout the review big open questions will be encountered.
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New parton-shower algorithm that exactly reproduces linearized EKT dynamics for jet thermalization including recoils, holes, quantum statistics and merging.
A nonflow subtraction framework for m-particle cumulants is developed and tested in HIJING simulations for O+O and d+Au collisions.
In large-Nc and harmonic oscillator limits, medium-induced splittings are computed analytically double-differential in z and θ, with an improved semi-hard approximation validated for high-energy partons.
First measurement of the nuclear modification factor R_AA in OO collisions at 5.36 TeV shows suppression with a minimum of 0.69 at p_T around 6 GeV, favoring models with parton energy loss.
First measurements of v_n (n=2-4) in 5.36 TeV O+O and Ne+Ne collisions show enhanced v2 in central neon collisions consistent with prolate nuclear deformation.
Introduces a new thermodynamic state function enabling computation of high-order temperature fluctuations in hot QCD matter from heavy-ion collision data, predicting strong suppression and negative skewness in the QGP phase.
Principal component analysis of spectral fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions yields thermal and geometric normal modes that explain 99.5% of variance and account for measured flow observables v0(pT) and v02(pT).
Numerical solution of differential equations for the full in-medium gluon emission spectrum from a QCD antenna with realistic scattering models.
Bayesian global fit to Xe-Xe and Pb-Pb LHC data infers nearly maximal triaxiality for the 129Xe ground state and extracts two- and three-particle correlations.
A data-driven method is introduced to quantify contamination effects from light-ion beam transmutation using time-dependent control regions and a simple illustrative model.
Energy-energy correlators in heavy-ion collisions exhibit classical hydrodynamic scaling from collective flow at large angles within the small-angle regime, collective modes at smaller angles, and light-ray OPE at even smaller angles.
STAR reports 20% suppression of recoiling hadrons and jets in high-event-activity O+O collisions at 200 GeV, with a measured 0.7 GeV/c pT shift for large-radius jets, providing evidence for jet quenching in small systems.
In a rigidly rotating free Fermi gas, the relativistic Barnett effect produces different Fermi energies for spin-up and spin-down fermions, leading to a moment of inertia that scales as 1/T at high temperature, analogous to the Curie law.
New measurements of isolated, non-isolated, and inclusive J/ψ yields, nuclear modification factors, and fractions up to 60 GeV in pp and Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV.
Suppression of recoil jet yields and intra-jet broadening is observed in central Ru+Ru and Zr+Zr collisions, indicating medium-induced partonic energy loss.
Volume variation with multiplicity in ultracentral collisions is small when total entropy scales with nuclear mass number, as shown by relating it to initial density fluctuation profiles.
Minijet thermalization time in a thermal gluon plasma scales with the jet quenching parameter q-hat once recoiling medium contributions are added to standard transport coefficient definitions.
Coupled BDNK MHD evolution in boost-invariant flow enhances cooling and suppresses the low-mass dilepton spectrum via magnetic-thermal feedback.
Bayesian posteriors from JETSCAPE jet-quenching model are largely compatible across centrality but exhibit shifts across beam energy and observable class, with varying ability to predict complementary datasets.
FRG analysis in the linear sigma model for QC2D shows enhanced meson U(1)_A anomaly couplings with increasing mu_q but suppressed topological susceptibility following chiral restoration at high density or temperature.
Charm quark production from the pre-equilibrium phase contributes non-negligibly to the total yield in heavy-ion collisions and may allow inference of pre-equilibrium properties when combined with better initial-state calculations.
Higher-order isospin corrections in Skyrme EOSs significantly modify composition-sensitive quantities like proton fraction and chemical potential difference at supra-nuclear densities but leave bulk thermodynamic properties insensitive for most viable models.
Leading order chiral perturbation theory yields the minimal energy condition for vortex nucleation in the pion condensed phase, with vortices carrying quantized angular momentum and self-confining pions.
citing papers explorer
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Full energy fraction and angular dependence of medium-induced splittings in the large-$N_c$ limit
In large-Nc and harmonic oscillator limits, medium-induced splittings are computed analytically double-differential in z and θ, with an improved semi-hard approximation validated for high-energy partons.
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Thermal and geometric normal modes of spectral fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
Principal component analysis of spectral fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions yields thermal and geometric normal modes that explain 99.5% of variance and account for measured flow observables v0(pT) and v02(pT).
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Hydrodynamics and Energy Correlators
Energy-energy correlators in heavy-ion collisions exhibit classical hydrodynamic scaling from collective flow at large angles within the small-angle regime, collective modes at smaller angles, and light-ray OPE at even smaller angles.
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Measurement of jet quenching in O+O collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=200$ GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC
STAR reports 20% suppression of recoiling hadrons and jets in high-event-activity O+O collisions at 200 GeV, with a measured 0.7 GeV/c pT shift for large-radius jets, providing evidence for jet quenching in small systems.
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Relativistic Barnett effect and Curie law in a rigidly rotating free Fermi gas
In a rigidly rotating free Fermi gas, the relativistic Barnett effect produces different Fermi energies for spin-up and spin-down fermions, leading to a moment of inertia that scales as 1/T at high temperature, analogous to the Curie law.
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Relativistic BDNK MHD Evolution in a Boost-Invariant Medium and Its Impact on Dilepton Production
Coupled BDNK MHD evolution in boost-invariant flow enhances cooling and suppresses the low-mass dilepton spectrum via magnetic-thermal feedback.
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Bayesian inference constraints on jet quenching across centrality, beam energy, and observable classes in LHC heavy-ion collisions
Bayesian posteriors from JETSCAPE jet-quenching model are largely compatible across centrality but exhibit shifts across beam energy and observable class, with varying ability to predict complementary datasets.
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Measurement of isolated-prompt photon$-$hadron correlations in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\mathbf{\sqrt{\textit{s}_{\rm NN}} = 5.02}$ TeV
ALICE observes strong suppression of associated hadron yields per trigger photon in central Pb-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV, extending the kinematic reach of photon-hadron correlation measurements.
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Statistical hadronization: successes and some open issues
The statistical hadronization model successfully describes hadron production in nuclear collisions over broad energies, with implications for QCD phase structure.
- Quantum simulating multi-particle processes in high energy nuclear physics: dijet production and color (de)coherence