Collapsing Z_N domain walls trap baryons into dense baryoids, yielding a dark matter-baryon energy density ratio of approximately (N-1):1 after the QCD phase transition.
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The order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of 12cracow2026 printed on April 10, 2026 particle physics
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abstract
We determine the nature of the QCD transition using lattice calculations for physical quark masses. Susceptibilities are extrapolated to vanishing lattice spacing for three physical volumes, the smallest and largest of which differ by a factor of five. This ensures that a true transition should result in a dramatic increase of the susceptibilities.No such behaviour is observed: our finite-size scaling analysis shows that the finite-temperature QCD transition in the hot early Universe was not a real phase transition, but an analytic crossover (involving a rapid change, as opposed to a jump, as the temperature varied). As such, it will be difficult to find experimental evidence of this transition from astronomical observations.
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Continuum extrapolation of lattice QCD data shows that SU(2)_L × SU(2)_R chiral and U(1)_A axial symmetry breaking strengths in nonsinglet quark-connected channels converge to the same value near the chiral crossover temperature.
A coupled DSE-FRG-holographic model predicts the QCD critical end point at T_CEP approximately 130-135 MeV and mu_B,CEP approximately 600 MeV, with sensitivity to regulator and normalization choices.
Continuum-extrapolated lattice QCD simulations with complex Langevin produce the equation of state at high baryon chemical potentials above the crossover temperature at the physical point.
A new RTA form with counter-terms yields species-dependent first-order viscous corrections that modify light-hadron yields and K/π, p/π ratios in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions.
A quark-meson model with lattice-fitted temperature-dependent quark masses and anomalous magnetic moments reproduces the magnetic susceptibility of hot hadronic matter up to the QCD crossover, showing quarks are active below 120 MeV.
A state-of-the-art thermodynamic analysis of supercooled phase transitions yields a universal lower bound β/H_* ≃ 5 and shows that viable PBH dark-matter parameter space in classically conformal gauge-Higgs theories is severely limited by percolation and QCD constraints.
Strangeness neutrality imposes a constraint linking baryon-strangeness correlations to the QCD equation of state, with their dependence on freeze-out conditions computed in a 2+1 flavor Polyakov-quark-meson model using the functional renormalization group.
In the two-flavor NJL model with anomalous magnetic moment of quarks, external magnetic field produces inverse magnetic catalysis and a magnetic-field-dependent drop in the Mott temperature for the Goldstone mode.
Lattice simulations with Möbius domain-wall fermions find that conserved charge fluctuations in (2+1)-flavor QCD match hadron resonance gas predictions below the pseudocritical temperature and rise toward free-quark limits above it.
Lattice data indicate hot QCD features an intermediate phase with emergent chiral spin symmetry and thermoparticles as thermal constituents, differing from perturbative expectations.
A review of lattice QCD findings on the finite-temperature QCD transition at zero baryon chemical potential, its chiral limit behavior, constraints on the phase boundary and critical endpoint at finite density, plus advances under external fields and conditions.
Recent net-proton cumulant ratios from RHIC BES-II data are compared to non-critical models from Lattice QCD, HRG, hydrodynamics and UrQMD, with volume fluctuation effects noted at fixed-target energies.
A review of thermal modifications to light and heavy hadron properties via imaginary-time formalism, effective field theories, unitarized approaches, and lattice QCD, with links to heavy-ion phenomenology.
The statistical hadronization model successfully describes hadron production in nuclear collisions over broad energies, with implications for QCD phase structure.
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Baryoid Dark Matter from $\mathbb{Z}_N$ Domain Walls: The $(N-1):1$ origin of the dark matter-baryon coincidence
Collapsing Z_N domain walls trap baryons into dense baryoids, yielding a dark matter-baryon energy density ratio of approximately (N-1):1 after the QCD phase transition.
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RG-Invariant Symmetry Ratio for QCD: A Study of $U(1)_A$ and Chiral Symmetry Restoration
Continuum extrapolation of lattice QCD data shows that SU(2)_L × SU(2)_R chiral and U(1)_A axial symmetry breaking strengths in nonsinglet quark-connected channels converge to the same value near the chiral crossover temperature.
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Unified Functional-Holographic Theory of the QCD Critical End Point
A coupled DSE-FRG-holographic model predicts the QCD critical end point at T_CEP approximately 130-135 MeV and mu_B,CEP approximately 600 MeV, with sensitivity to regulator and normalization choices.
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Finite-density equation of state of hot QCD using the complex Langevin equation
Continuum-extrapolated lattice QCD simulations with complex Langevin produce the equation of state at high baryon chemical potentials above the crossover temperature at the physical point.
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Species-dependent viscous corrections at particlization: A novel relaxation time approximation approach
A new RTA form with counter-terms yields species-dependent first-order viscous corrections that modify light-hadron yields and K/π, p/π ratios in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions.
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Magnetic susceptibility of a hot hadronic medium and quark degrees of freedom near the QCD cross-over point
A quark-meson model with lattice-fitted temperature-dependent quark masses and anomalous magnetic moments reproduces the magnetic susceptibility of hot hadronic matter up to the QCD crossover, showing quarks are active below 120 MeV.
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Thermodynamical uncertainties for primordial black holes from cosmological phase transitions
A state-of-the-art thermodynamic analysis of supercooled phase transitions yields a universal lower bound β/H_* ≃ 5 and shows that viable PBH dark-matter parameter space in classically conformal gauge-Higgs theories is severely limited by percolation and QCD constraints.
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Strangeness neutrality and the QCD phase diagram
Strangeness neutrality imposes a constraint linking baryon-strangeness correlations to the QCD equation of state, with their dependence on freeze-out conditions computed in a 2+1 flavor Polyakov-quark-meson model using the functional renormalization group.
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Effect of anomalous magnetic moment of quarks on the phase structure and mesonic properties in the NJL model
In the two-flavor NJL model with anomalous magnetic moment of quarks, external magnetic field produces inverse magnetic catalysis and a magnetic-field-dependent drop in the Mott temperature for the Goldstone mode.
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Quark Number Susceptibilities and Conserved Charge Fluctuations in $(2+1)$-flavor QCD with M\"obius domain-wall fermions (MDWF)
Lattice simulations with Möbius domain-wall fermions find that conserved charge fluctuations in (2+1)-flavor QCD match hadron resonance gas predictions below the pseudocritical temperature and rise toward free-quark limits above it.
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Emergent chiral spin symmetry, non-perturbative dynamics and thermoparticles in hot QCD
Lattice data indicate hot QCD features an intermediate phase with emergent chiral spin symmetry and thermoparticles as thermal constituents, differing from perturbative expectations.
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Lattice QCD at finite temperature and density
A review of lattice QCD findings on the finite-temperature QCD transition at zero baryon chemical potential, its chiral limit behavior, constraints on the phase boundary and critical endpoint at finite density, plus advances under external fields and conditions.
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Search for the QCD Critical Point in High Energy Nuclear Collisions: A Status Report
Recent net-proton cumulant ratios from RHIC BES-II data are compared to non-critical models from Lattice QCD, HRG, hydrodynamics and UrQMD, with volume fluctuation effects noted at fixed-target energies.
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Hadron properties at finite temperature
A review of thermal modifications to light and heavy hadron properties via imaginary-time formalism, effective field theories, unitarized approaches, and lattice QCD, with links to heavy-ion phenomenology.
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Statistical hadronization: successes and some open issues
The statistical hadronization model successfully describes hadron production in nuclear collisions over broad energies, with implications for QCD phase structure.