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FlexGen: High-Throughput Generative Inference of Large Language Models with a Single GPU

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arxiv 2303.06865 v2 pith:MUXVZ2YZ submitted 2023-03-13 cs.LG cs.AIcs.PF

FlexGen: High-Throughput Generative Inference of Large Language Models with a Single GPU

classification cs.LG cs.AIcs.PF
keywords flexgenhigh-throughputinferencememorysinglethroughputbatchbenchmark
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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The high computational and memory requirements of large language model (LLM) inference make it feasible only with multiple high-end accelerators. Motivated by the emerging demand for latency-insensitive tasks with batched processing, this paper initiates the study of high-throughput LLM inference using limited resources, such as a single commodity GPU. We present FlexGen, a high-throughput generation engine for running LLMs with limited GPU memory. FlexGen can be flexibly configured under various hardware resource constraints by aggregating memory and computation from the GPU, CPU, and disk. By solving a linear programming problem, it searches for efficient patterns to store and access tensors. FlexGen further compresses the weights and the attention cache to 4 bits with negligible accuracy loss. These techniques enable FlexGen to have a larger space of batch size choices and thus significantly increase maximum throughput. As a result, when running OPT-175B on a single 16GB GPU, FlexGen achieves significantly higher throughput compared to state-of-the-art offloading systems, reaching a generation throughput of 1 token/s for the first time with an effective batch size of 144. On the HELM benchmark, FlexGen can benchmark a 30B model with a 16GB GPU on 7 representative sub-scenarios in 21 hours. The code is available at https://github.com/FMInference/FlexGen

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Cited by 17 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

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  3. Reference-Augmented Learning for Precise Tracking Policy of Tendon-Driven Continuum Robots

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    Reference-augmented learning with RNN surrogate and stochastic perturbations cuts average position error by 50.9% for 6-DOF tracking on a three-section TDCR compared to non-augmented baselines.

  4. Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttention

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    PagedAttention achieves near-zero waste in LLM key-value cache memory and enables 2-4x higher serving throughput than prior systems.

  5. What to Keep, What to Forget: A Rate--Distortion View of Memory Compaction in LLMs and Agents

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    KV-cache eviction, prompt compression, recurrent state bounding, and agent memory consolidation are unified as one rate-distortion problem with a shared lower bound, shared failure mode, and transferable mechanisms.

  6. From Rigid to Dynamic: Entropy-Guided Adaptive Inference for Long-Context LLMs

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  10. AsyncTLS: Efficient Generative LLM Inference with Asynchronous Two-level Sparse Attention

    cs.CL 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

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  11. H$_2$O: Heavy-Hitter Oracle for Efficient Generative Inference of Large Language Models

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    H2O evicts non-heavy-hitter tokens from the KV cache using a dynamic submodular policy, retaining recent and frequent-co-occurrence tokens to reduce memory while preserving accuracy.

  12. AWQ: Activation-aware Weight Quantization for LLM Compression and Acceleration

    cs.CL 2023-06 conditional novelty 6.0

    AWQ quantizes LLM weights to low bits by scaling salient channels based on activation statistics, outperforming prior methods on language, coding, math, and multi-modal benchmarks.

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  16. Position: LLM Inference Should Be Evaluated as Energy-to-Token Production

    cs.CE 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

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  17. Reference-Augmented Learning for Precise Tracking Policy of Tendon-Driven Continuum Robots

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