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Cognitive Mirage: A Review of Hallucinations in Large Language Models

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arxiv 2309.06794 v1 pith:5ZXMX3WH submitted 2023-09-13 cs.CL cs.AIcs.LG

classification cs.CLcs.AIcs.LG
keywords hallucinationsgenerationresearchtextdetectiondirectionsfutureimprovement
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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As large language models continue to develop in the field of AI, text generation systems are susceptible to a worrisome phenomenon known as hallucination. In this study, we summarize recent compelling insights into hallucinations in LLMs. We present a novel taxonomy of hallucinations from various text generation tasks, thus provide theoretical insights, detection methods and improvement approaches. Based on this, future research directions are proposed. Our contribution are threefold: (1) We provide a detailed and complete taxonomy for hallucinations appearing in text generation tasks; (2) We provide theoretical analyses of hallucinations in LLMs and provide existing detection and improvement methods; (3) We propose several research directions that can be developed in the future. As hallucinations garner significant attention from the community, we will maintain updates on relevant research progress.

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Cited by 11 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Can LLMs Write Correct TLA+ Specifications? Evaluating Natural-Language-to-TLA+ Generation

    cs.AI 2026-06 accept novelty 8.0 of 10

    Across 30 LLMs and 205 TLA+ tasks, syntactic correctness reaches at most 26.6% and semantic correctness 8.6%, with all successes limited to progressive prompting and no advantage from larger models.

  2. Stability vs. Manipulability: Evaluating Robustness Under Post-Decision Interaction in LLM Judges

    cs.AI 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    LLM judges exhibit high stability under neutral re-evaluation but substantial reversibility under targeted post-decision challenges, quantified via a new Evaluation Robustness Score (ERS).

  3. Uncertainty Propagation in LLM-Based Systems

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    This paper introduces a systems-level conceptual framing and a three-level taxonomy (intra-model, system-level, socio-technical) for uncertainty propagation in compound LLM applications, along with engineering insight...

  4. AISPA: User-Centric System Prompt Auditing for Large Language Model Applications

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.5 of 10

    A human-in-the-loop audit of system prompts from 88 commercial AI products finds protective instructions nearly universal yet incomplete, with ~40% of products containing at least one user-harmful directive.

  5. Beyond the Syntax: Do Security Experts Trust LLMs for NIDS Rule Engineering?

    cs.CR 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A user study with 10 security experts reveals that while large LLMs (≥70B) generate syntactically valid NIDS rules, experts deem only 37.5% deployable due to low specificity and logic hallucinations, viewing LLMs as s...

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    cs.IR 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    RRCM trains an LLM to dynamically retrieve from collaborative and meta memories using group relative policy optimization driven by final top-k recommendation quality.

  7. Beyond Correctness: Rewarding Faithful Reasoning in Retrieval-Augmented Generation

    cs.CL 2025-10 reject novelty 6.0 of 10

    A turn-level faithfulness reward improves a Search-R1-style agent's Information-Think and Think-Answer faithfulness as judged by the same reward model used for training, while task accuracy is roughly unchanged.

  8. Hallucination Detection and Mitigation with Diffusion in Multi-Variate Time-Series Foundation Models

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Pre-trained multivariate time-series imputation models frequently return values that violate known relations between variables, and a diffusion-based score can detect and filter these errors.

  9. Beyond Final Answers: Auditing Trajectory-Level Hallucinations in Multi-Agent Industrial Workflows

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Trajel introduces a five-type taxonomy and benchmark for trajectory-level hallucinations in multi-agent LLM workflows, showing existing final-answer benchmarks miss common failures.

  10. A Survey on the Memory Mechanism of Large Language Model based Agents

    cs.AI 2024-04 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

    A systematic review of memory designs, evaluation methods, applications, limitations, and future directions for LLM-based agents.

  11. Provably Secure Retrieval-Augmented Generation

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