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InvestLM: A Large Language Model for Investment using Financial Domain Instruction Tuning

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arxiv 2309.13064 v1 pith:7S4CDO6T submitted 2023-09-15 q-fin.GN cs.AIcs.CLcs.LG

classification q-fin.GNcs.AIcs.CLcs.LG
keywords financialdomaininvestlminvestmentmodelinstructionrelatedresearch
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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We present a new financial domain large language model, InvestLM, tuned on LLaMA-65B (Touvron et al., 2023), using a carefully curated instruction dataset related to financial investment. Inspired by less-is-more-for-alignment (Zhou et al., 2023), we manually curate a small yet diverse instruction dataset, covering a wide range of financial related topics, from Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) exam questions to SEC filings to Stackexchange quantitative finance discussions. InvestLM shows strong capabilities in understanding financial text and provides helpful responses to investment related questions. Financial experts, including hedge fund managers and research analysts, rate InvestLM's response as comparable to those of state-of-the-art commercial models (GPT-3.5, GPT-4 and Claude-2). Zero-shot evaluation on a set of financial NLP benchmarks demonstrates strong generalizability. From a research perspective, this work suggests that a high-quality domain specific LLM can be tuned using a small set of carefully curated instructions on a well-trained foundation model, which is consistent with the Superficial Alignment Hypothesis (Zhou et al., 2023). From a practical perspective, this work develops a state-of-the-art financial domain LLM with superior capability in understanding financial texts and providing helpful investment advice, potentially enhancing the work efficiency of financial professionals. We release the model parameters to the research community.

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Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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    cs.AI 2026-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A 24-dataset benchmark for inducing schema graphs from raw text, plus an auditable LLM-based pipeline that reports the highest scores on the benchmark's four schema-similarity metrics.

  2. FinMultiTime: A Four-Modal Bilingual Dataset for Financial Time-Series Analysis

    cs.CE 2025-06 reject novelty 6.0 of 10

    FinMultiTime is a four-modal bilingual financial dataset, but the paper's experimental evidence for its benefits is internally inconsistent.

  3. MetaGraph: A Large-Scale Meta-Analysis of GenAI in Financial NLP (2022-2025)

    cs.CL 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Using LLM extraction on 681 papers, the authors build a public knowledge graph showing financial NLP moved from LLM adoption to limitation-aware, modular system design between 2022 and 2025.

  4. FinTeam: A Multi-Agent Collaborative Intelligence System for Comprehensive Financial Scenarios

    cs.CE 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A four-agent LLM pipeline trained with role-specific data improves human preference on comprehensive Chinese financial analysis tasks.

  5. Hierarchical Reranking for Scalable Financial RAG System

    cs.IR 2026-07 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    A finance-specific RAG pipeline combining table-to-JSON conversion, two-stage reranking, and long-context split-fusion reports NDCG@20=0.7918 and second place in the ICAIF '24 FinanceRAG challenge.

  6. Assessing the Capabilities and Limitations of FinGPT Model in Financial NLP Applications

    cs.CL 2025-07 reject novelty 3.0 of 10

    FinGPT matches GPT-4 on financial sentiment and headline classification, lags on QA and NER, and shows a bullish bias in stock movement prediction.

  7. Survey of Specialized Large Language Model

    cs.CL 2025-08 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

    A survey of 24 specialized LLMs (2022-2025) claims a shift from domain fine-tuning to native architectures, but the synthesis is undermined by citation errors and selection bias.

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