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A Survey on Deep Learning for Theorem Proving

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arxiv 2404.09939 v3 pith:QHYDBUMZ submitted 2024-04-15 cs.AI

A Survey on Deep Learning for Theorem Proving

classification cs.AI
keywords provingtheoremdeeplearningsurveyapproachescuratedgeneration
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Theorem proving is a fundamental aspect of mathematics, spanning from informal reasoning in natural language to rigorous derivations in formal systems. In recent years, the advancement of deep learning, especially the emergence of large language models, has sparked a notable surge of research exploring these techniques to enhance the process of theorem proving. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of deep learning for theorem proving by offering (i) a thorough review of existing approaches across various tasks such as autoformalization, premise selection, proofstep generation, and proof search; (ii) an extensive summary of curated datasets and strategies for synthetic data generation; (iii) a detailed analysis of evaluation metrics and the performance of state-of-the-art methods; and (iv) a critical discussion on the persistent challenges and the promising avenues for future exploration. Our survey aims to serve as a foundational reference for deep learning approaches in theorem proving, inspiring and catalyzing further research endeavors in this rapidly growing field. A curated list of papers is available at https://github.com/zhaoyu-li/DL4TP.

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Cited by 10 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. TheoremBench: Evaluating LLMs on Theorem Proving in Formal Mathematics

    cs.AI 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 8.0

    TheoremBench is a Lean4 benchmark of classical theorems in main and premised forms that evaluates LLM provers on partial progress, coverage, and token efficiency rather than binary success on competition problems.

  2. FormalRx: Rectify and eXamine Semantic Failures in Autoformalization

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0

    FormalRx diagnoses Lean autoformalization failures with a 28-category SCI taxonomy and an 8B model that jointly predicts alignment, error type, location, and correction.

  3. LAMP: Lean-based Agentic framework with MCP and Proof Repair

    cs.LO 2026-06 conditional novelty 7.0

    LAMP achieves 96.7% success generating verified Lean proofs for 90 Combinatorics on Words theorems by coordinating Planner, Builder, and Verifier agents with a CoW ontology accessed through Model Context Protocol.

  4. The Search for Constrained Random Generators

    cs.PL 2025-11 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    A Lean library called Palamedes uses synthesis rules from generator semantics and catamorphism-anamorphism rewriting to automatically produce correct constrained random generators.

  5. From Solvers to Research: Large Language Model-Driven Formal Mathematics at the Research Frontier

    cs.CL 2026-07 accept novelty 6.0

    LLM formal provers must shift from competition solvers to research agents that handle open-ended, under-specified frontier mathematics under machine-checked rigor.

  6. Planning to Hammer: Difficulty-Aware Decomposition for Automating Rocq Proofs

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    Quarry improves Rocq proof automation success rates by 7-13% under 10-minute budgets via LLM-planned decompositions ranked by a proof-state difficulty model for CoqHammer solvability.

  7. Planning to Hammer: Difficulty-Aware Decomposition for Automating Rocq Proofs

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    Quarry splits Rocq proof automation into LLM-proposed decompositions and CoqHammer execution, ranking candidates by learned difficulty, improving success by 7–13 points.

  8. VeruSAGE: A Study of Agent-Based Verification for Rust Systems

    cs.OS 2025-12 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    LLM agents complete over 80% of tasks on a new 849-task Rust verification benchmark and over 90% on unfinished human proofs.

  9. FormaRL: Enhancing Autoformalization with no Labeled Data

    cs.AI 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0

    A reinforcement learning framework improves autoformalization without labeled data by rewarding outputs that pass Lean syntax and LLM consistency checks.

  10. An Ontology-Based Approach to Optimizing Geometry Problem Sets for Skill Development

    math.HO 2025-09 conditional novelty 4.0

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