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Quantum Cloud Computing: A Review, Open Problems, and Future Directions
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Quantum cloud computing is an emerging paradigm of computing that empowers quantum applications and their deployment on quantum computing resources without the need for a specialized environment to host and operate physical quantum computers. This paper reviews recent advances, identifies open problems, and proposes future directions in quantum cloud computing. It discusses the state-of-the-art quantum cloud advances, including the various cloud-based models, platforms, and recently developed technologies and software use cases. Furthermore, it discusses different aspects of the quantum cloud, including resource management, quantum serverless, security, and privacy problems. Finally, the paper examines open problems and proposes the future directions of quantum cloud computing, including potential opportunities and ongoing research in this emerging field.
Forward citations
Cited by 8 Pith papers
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Routing Anonymity and Identifiability of Noisy Quantum Hardware
The paper formalizes backend identifiability as hypothesis testing, proves anonymity decays at the Chernoff rate under persistent i.i.d. probing, establishes a utility-anonymity trade-off, and demonstrates 87-100% bac...
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Optimizing Resource Allocation in a Distributed Quantum Computing Cloud: A Game-Theoretic Approach
Introduces QC-PRAGM and QC-PRAGM++ game models for partitioning quantum circuits in a distributed cloud, proving a 4/3 approximation on total client cost and reporting simulation gains over baselines in cost and commu...
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Nonclassicality of a delayed remote-controlled quantum computing model
A class of delayed RCQC models exhibits nonclassicality in a semi-device-independent prepare-and-measure scenario via dimension-witness violations, with reversed temporal order.
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Quantum computing for accurate large-scale electronic-structure calculations: DFT-embedded, post-processed quantum-selected configuration interaction
A DFT-embedded quantum-selected configuration interaction framework combines quantum and classical methods to achieve ~1 kcal/mol accuracy on large-scale chemical systems using a subset of qubits from a 144-qubit quan...
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Joint Optimization of Qubit Leasing and Quantum Circuit Distribution
Formulates JQLQCD as ILP, proves NP-completeness, solves special cases in closed form or polynomial time, and evaluates a greedy algorithm with local search on large instances via numerical computations.
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Comparing Classical Simulation and Sample-Based Learning of Quantum Systems: Learning the Hardness of Quantum Systems from Samples
Empirical study finds neural-network learning difficulty (via Hessian eigenvalue and random subspace optimization) correlates with classical simulation hardness parameterized by MPS bond dimension and T-gate count.
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Toward Secure Multitenant Quantum Computing: Circuit Affinity, Crosstalk Patterns, and Grouping Strategies
Crosstalk patterns between quantum circuits on IBM processors are predictable by circuit type and hardware architecture, with high intra-revision consistency and topological decoupling between lattice types.
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Future-Proofing Cloud Security Against Quantum Attacks: Risk, Transition, and Mitigation Strategies
This survey analyzes quantum vulnerabilities in cloud computing and provides a structured framework for transitioning to post-quantum cryptography with risk assessments and deployment roadmaps.
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