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On observers in holographic maps
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A straightforward gravitational path integral calculation implies that closed universes are trivial, described by a one dimensional Hilbert space. Two recent papers by Harlow-Usatyuk-Zhao and Abdalla-Antonini-Iliesiu-Levine have sought to ameliorate this issue by defining special rules to incorporate observers into the path integral. However, the proposed rules are different, leading to differing results for the Hilbert space dimension. Moreover, the former work offers a holographic map realized using a non-isometric code construction to complement their path integral result and clarify its physics. In this work, we propose a non-isometric code that implements the second construction, allowing thorough comparison. Our prescription may be thought of as simply removing the portion of the map that acts on the observer, while preserving the rest, creating an effective holographic boundary at the observer-environment interface. This proposal can be directly applied to general holographic maps for both open and closed universes of any dimension.
Forward citations
Cited by 7 Pith papers
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JT gravity on the worldline
Coupling a worldline observer to JT gravity replaces its evolution operator by an exactly computed average over fluctuating Euclidean times; the fluctuations are small in the disk but large on the double trumpet.
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A de Sitter Anti-Scrambling Algebra
In a toy model of de Sitter quantum gravity, shockwave time advances break the KMS condition and prevent the Hartle-Hawking state from being a trace on the observer's crossed-product algebra.
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Hollow-grams: Generalized Entanglement Wedges from the Gravitational Path Integral
The entropy of a bulk region in holographic states equals the generalized entropy of the smallest wedge containing it, derived from a replica path integral via a hollow-graphic construction.
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A Holographic Map from AdS$_3$ to CFT$_2$
Semiclassical pure AdS3 gravity states, labelled by fixed-area geodesic networks, are mapped to CFT2 primary states whose wavefunctions are networks of OPE coefficients.
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Observers, local measurements, and topology
Measurement correlations along an observer's worldline define a simplicial complex whose homology is proposed to be the topology of the accessible quantum-gravitational spacetime.
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Junctions, strings, clocks and gravitational memory in three dimensional dS space
Transient closed-string fluctuations in dS3 are shown order by order to be encoded in gravitational junction shifts at I±, with the monotonic time shift forming an emergent clock.
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The Baby Universe is Fine and the CFT Knows It: On Holography for Closed Universes
A closed universe in AdS/CFT is not ruled out by recent SWAP-test arguments; the one-dimensional Hilbert space seen from the CFT is external indistinguishability, and CFT data can reconstruct the closed universe's geometry.
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