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Chain-of-Tools: Utilizing Massive Unseen Tools in the CoT Reasoning of Frozen Language Models

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arxiv 2503.16779 v1 pith:C4R76U4N submitted 2025-03-21 cs.CL cs.AI

Chain-of-Tools: Utilizing Massive Unseen Tools in the CoT Reasoning of Frozen Language Models

classification cs.CL cs.AI
keywords toolchain-of-toolsmodelreasoningtoolsunseenapproachbenchmarks
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Tool learning can further broaden the usage scenarios of large language models (LLMs). However most of the existing methods either need to finetune that the model can only use tools seen in the training data, or add tool demonstrations into the prompt with lower efficiency. In this paper, we present a new Tool Learning method Chain-of-Tools. It makes full use of the powerful semantic representation capability of frozen LLMs to finish tool calling in CoT reasoning with a huge and flexible tool pool which may contain unseen tools. Especially, to validate the effectiveness of our approach in the massive unseen tool scenario, we construct a new dataset SimpleToolQuestions. We conduct experiments on two numerical reasoning benchmarks (GSM8K-XL and FuncQA) and two knowledge-based question answering benchmarks (KAMEL and SimpleToolQuestions). Experimental results show that our approach performs better than the baseline. We also identify dimensions of the model output that are critical in tool selection, enhancing the model interpretability. Our code and data are available at: https://github.com/fairyshine/Chain-of-Tools .

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Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

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  3. Breaking MCP with Function Hijacking Attacks: Novel Threats for Function Calling and Agentic Models

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    A novel function hijacking attack achieves 70-100% success rates in forcing specific function calls across five LLMs on the BFCL benchmark and is robust to context semantics.

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    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    RubricRefine raises average tool-use reliability to 0.86 on M3ToolEval across seven models by scoring candidate code against generated contract rubrics before execution, beating prior inference-time methods at 2.6X lo...

  5. Agentic Reasoning for Large Language Models

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  6. From LLM Reasoning to Autonomous AI Agents: A Comprehensive Review

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    A survey consolidating benchmarks, agent frameworks, real-world applications, and protocols for LLM-based autonomous agents into a proposed taxonomy with recommendations for future research.

  7. Toward Efficient Agents: Memory, Tool learning, and Planning

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