OSI Stack Redesign for Quantum Networks: Requirements, Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions

Ashfaq Khokhar; Muhammad Kamran Saeed; Shakil Ahmed

REVIEW 4 major objections 5 minor 2 cited by

OSI Stack Redesign for Quantum Networks: Requirements, Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions

T0 review · 4 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read The classical OSI model cannot carry quantum communication, so this paper proposes a nine-layer Quantum-Converged OSI Stack that adds a Quantum Substrate layer below the physical layer and a Cognitive Intent Plane above the application…

desk verdict A genuinely useful survey-and-taxonomy paper presented as an architectural proposal; the two new layers are inherited from cited prior work, and the Layer 8 real-time control loop is asserted, not shown. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.12195 v1 pith:XK24JQXS submitted 2025-06-13 quant-ph cs.CRcs.ITcs.LGcs.NImath.IT

Shakil Ahmed , Muhammad Kamran Saeed , Ashfaq Khokhar This is my paper

classification quant-phcs.CRcs.ITcs.LGcs.NImath.IT PACS 03.67.Hk

keywords quantumnetworkingOSImodelredesignquantum-convergedprotocolstackentanglementroutingkeydistributionpost-quantumcryptographyLLMorchestration7Gnetworks

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper sets out to prove that quantum communication cannot be supported by the classical seven-layer OSI model, because that model assumes data can be copied, paths are deterministic, and layers act independently — all things quantum mechanics forbids. It proposes a nine-layer Quantum-Converged OSI Stack that extends the model in both directions: Layer 0, the Quantum Substrate, handles entanglement generation, teleportation, and decoherence management beneath the physical layer, and Layer 8, the Cognitive Intent Plane, uses LLM and quantum-machine-learning agents to orchestrate cross-layer behavior above the application layer. The paper also redefines each middle layer with quantum mechanisms, such as fidelity-aware MAC, entanglement routing, entropy-based transport, quantum session tokens, and LLM-driven metadata formatting. A sympathetic reader should care because, if the proposal holds, it supplies the missing unified reference architecture for 7G networks and gives each quantum technology (QKD, quantum error correction, post-quantum crypto, reconfigurable surfaces) an identifiable home in the protocol stack. The paper frames this as laying the foundation for scalable, intelligent, quantum-compliant networking rather than as a finished protocol specification.

What carries the argument

The carrying object is the nine-layer Quantum-Converged OSI Stack itself — the classical seven layers plus two bookend layers. Layer 0, the Quantum Substrate, is the bottom extension: a hardware-near abstraction for entanglement generation, swapping, purification, teleportation channels, and decoherence tracking that feeds real-time fidelity and entropy metrics upward. Layer 8, the Cognitive Intent Plane, is the top extension: an LLM- and QML-driven orchestrator that translates user intent into stack-wide policy changes and closes the feedback loop downward. The mechanism that makes the stack cohere is cross-layer feedback: physical-layer fidelity, QBER, and coherence telemetry flow up to influence routing, session, and application decisions, while intent policies flow down, replacing the OSI principle of layer independence with managed interdependence.

What would settle it

A simulation experiment in a discrete-event quantum network simulator that compares a full nine-layer stack against a baseline without the Cognitive Intent Plane: if the LLM-driven Layer 8 agent's decision-to-action latency exceeds the coherence lifetime of the entangled pairs it is meant to manage (milliseconds for NV-center memories, sub-millisecond for photonic links), or if removing Layer 8 leaves end-to-end entanglement fidelity unchanged within noise, then the central architectural claim loses its top layer.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that the OSI model's core assumptions — duplicable data, deterministic delivery, and strict layer autonomy — are each violated by a quantum property: the no-cloning theorem kills retransmission and caching; decoherence imposes hard time limits that no classical layer tracks; classical error correction cannot represent phase-flip, amplitude-damping, or depolarizing noise; and entanglement couples non-adjacent nodes in ways stateless routing cannot address. The proposed remedy is a nine-layer Quantum-Converged OSI Stack whose two new boundary layers absorb these violations. Layer 0 (Quantum Substrate) sits below the physical layer and manages qubit state preparation, entanglement buffering, purification, teleportation channels, and coherence-aware scheduling, exposing fidelity and entropy telemetry upward. Layer 8 (Cognitive Intent Plane) sits above the application layer and translates high-level user intent into protocol flows, using LLMs, reinforcement learners, and QML agents to adjust routing, session, and fidelity policies in a closed loop across all lower layers. Between them, each classical layer is reworked: coherence-sensitive MAC and quantum error correction at Layer 2, entanglement-aware routing with software-defined quantum control at Layer 3, entropy-tracking transport with post-quantum security at Layer 4, tokenized session handshakes at Layer 5, semantic metadata formatting at Layer 6, and quantum service APIs at Layer 7. The paper consolidates over 150 studies from 2018 to 2025 into this layer map, groups cross-layer enablers into a taxonomy, and proposes entropy throughput, coherence latency, and entanglement fidelity as the evaluation metrics for such a stack.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that LLM and QML agents in the Cognitive Intent Plane can make reliable, low-latency, and secure cross-layer decisions within coherence time windows; the paper's own sections concede that such AI-assisted orchestration is underdeveloped and that control latency could exceed coherence windows.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Quantum networking moves from a collection of point protocols to a single architectural reference: every technology, from quantum repeaters to QKD constellations, can be assigned a layer, and protocol design can proceed layer by layer with defined interfaces.
Classical reliability semantics change at every level: retransmission becomes fidelity budgeting, routing becomes coherence-aware path selection, and transport becomes entropy-tracking rather than acknowledgment-based, so legacy TCP-style stacks cannot simply be quantum-wrapped.
Cross-layer telemetry becomes a first-class protocol feature: entanglement fidelity and decoherence rates from Layer 0 shade routing, session, and application decisions in near real time, and the Cognitive Intent Plane is what automates that coordination.
The stack supplies a common evaluation framework, with entropy throughput, coherence latency, and entanglement fidelity as metrics that can be applied uniformly across simulator testbeds and experimental networks.
The layer map identifies where research is saturated versus thin, pointing developers toward the least-developed layers, notably session and presentation (Layers 5 and 6), where quantum tokens and LLM-driven formatting are still early.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

A practical corollary the paper leaves implicit: near-term experimental effort will concentrate at Layers 0-3, where hardware and link/network protocols are mature enough to test, while Layers 5-6 will initially be simulated rather than deployed, because quantum session tokens and metadata formats lack standardization.
The architecture implies a testable division of labor: Layer 8 agents are only as useful as the telemetry they consume, so the stack's viability can be probed by measuring whether LLM-based orchestration improves end-to-end fidelity in a simulator compared with fixed policies operating on the same telemetry.
If the Cognitive Intent Plane cannot be made secure against adversarial prompts or fast enough to act within coherence windows, the nine-layer model degrades gracefully to a seven-plus-one model (Layer 0 plus the classical stack), which is still an advance but not the AI-defined QNet the paper envisions.
The same nine-layer framing could serve as a comparison tool beyond 7G, for instance to evaluate satellite-mesh versus fiber-backbone quantum infrastructures by mapping each onto the stack and scoring where each falls short.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Quick take: read this for the survey, not the architecture. The paper consolidates a lot of recent quantum-networking work and maps it onto a nine-layer stack, which is a genuinely useful reference. The two new layers—Layer 0 Quantum Substrate and Layer 8 Cognitive Intent Plane—are not new; the authors credit Khan et al. and Granelli et al./Getu et al. for them. What is new is the layer-by-layer synthesis and the attempt to make every layer 'quantum-aware.' That is a legitimate contribution, but it is a taxonomy, not a validated design.

The survey side is solid. The SLR-style methodology is described, the coverage is broad and current (2018–2025, IEEE/ACM/MDPI/arXiv), and the layer-by-layer mapping of technologies—QKD, QEC, RIS, SDN, entanglement routing, LLM orchestration—is genuinely useful. Tables IV and V alone justify a read. If you work on quantum networking, this is a good map of where the field stands.

The soft spots are real. The proposed stack is never validated. The evaluation framework (entropy throughput, coherence latency, entanglement fidelity) is introduced and then not used. That is acceptable for a survey, but the framing sells the architecture as a foundation, and the paper does not show the combination of two known ideas is more than the sum of its parts.

The Layer 8 concern from the stress-test lands. The paper gives LLM/QML agents real-time, cross-layer control responsibility and even cites sub-millisecond telemetry and a 20 ms intent target, but it never shows how inference latency fits inside coherence windows. This is an open challenge, and the paper mostly treats it as one, but the central architectural claim rests on it. It should be flagged explicitly as an assumption, with rough timing budgets, or the claim needs to be softened.

Also, the reference handling looks sloppy in places: same bracket numbers appear attached to different author names, and the 'first to unify' claim is only true under a narrow reading of 'unify.' Editorial cleanup is needed.

Bottom line: this deserves a serious referee, not a desk reject. I would send it out with a request for major revision: tighten the novelty claim, apply the evaluation framework to at least one slice of the stack (e.g., simulate Layer 3 routing or Layer 2 MAC), and add a feasibility paragraph on Layer 8 control-loop timing. Graduate students and standards folks will get real value from the survey. I would cite it as the current state-of-the-art survey, and I'd bring it to our reading group.

Referee Report

4 major / 5 minor

Summary. This paper argues that the classical OSI model is fundamentally incompatible with quantum networking, because its assumptions of data replicability, deterministic paths, and layer independence conflict with the no-cloning theorem, decoherence, and entanglement. The authors propose a 'Quantum-Converged OSI Stack' that extends the seven-layer model downward with Layer 0 (Quantum Substrate), handling entanglement generation, teleportation, and decoherence management, and upward with Layer 8 (Cognitive Intent Plane), an LLM/QML-driven cross-layer orchestration plane. The paper surveys more than 150 works (2018-2025), maps quantum technologies and protocols onto each layer, discusses simulators (NetSquid, QuNetSim, QuISP), proposes an evaluation framework based on entropy throughput, coherence latency, and entanglement fidelity, and outlines use cases (satellite QKD, UAV swarms, quantum IoT, healthcare telemetry). A recurring theme is the need for cross-layer feedback about fidelity and coherence, which the authors make a central design principle of the revised stack.

Significance. The qualitative critique of the OSI model is well grounded and clearly articulated, and the paper is useful as a structured survey of the quantum-networking literature, with a sensible taxonomy of layers, technologies, and simulation tools. The proposal of Layer 0 as a sub-physical substrate and Layer 8 as a cognitive intent plane is an interesting design provocation, and the explicit treatment of cross-layer fidelity feedback is a genuine step beyond classical thinking. The paper is honest about many open problems (e.g., debugging, standardization, telemetry interfaces). However, the contribution is an unvalidated architecture: the paper provides no implementation, simulation, or formal analysis of the proposed nine-layer stack, and the evaluation framework it defines is never applied. The weakest point is the claim that LLM/QML agents in Layer 8 can make real-time, fidelity-aware decisions within quantum coherence windows; this is asserted without latency budgets or control-loop analysis. If the authors reframe Layer 8 as an offline/management-plane function or provide a credible latency analysis, the paper could serve as a valuable roadmap.

major comments (4)

[§V.I, §VIII.C, §IX.D, Table VI] The Cognitive Intent Plane is the load-bearing upper half of the proposed stack, yet no quantitative argument shows that LLM/QML agents can decide within coherence time. Section VIII.C states that telemetry systems must balance overhead with the need for sub-millisecond response times, and Section IX.D gives a 20 ms intent target, while Table VI lists coherence times from ns–µs (SPDC photonics) to ms (NV centers). Current LLM inference latency is typically tens to hundreds of milliseconds. The paper gives no mechanism, distributed inference design, or simulation result showing that Layer 8's control loop closes within these budgets. Without this, the claim that the stack lays the foundation for 7G is unsupported; Layer 8 reduces to a management-plane add-on rather than a viable orchestration plane.
[§IV.E.2 and §V] The abstract and Section IV.E.2 introduce an evaluation framework with metrics such as entropy throughput, coherence latency, and entanglement fidelity, but the paper never applies these metrics to the proposed Quantum-Converged OSI stack. There is no simulation setup, no case study, and no quantitative comparison against the classical OSI model, despite the paper's own survey of NetSquid, QuNetSim, and QuISP. The architectural claims therefore remain untested, and the proposed framework is a list of desirable metrics rather than a validated evaluation.
[§II.A and §II.C] The paper claims a systematic literature review with PRISMA-style phases and a quality score threshold of 15/25, but it does not report the number of papers retrieved, screened, excluded, or included, nor the distribution of quality scores. The claim of consolidating over 150 research works cannot be verified from the methodology as reported, and the replicability promised by the survey design is not delivered.
[§V and §VI–§XII] The nine-layer stack is described with responsibilities and technologies, but no service primitives, interface contracts, or protocol state machines are defined for the new layers. For example, Layer 8 is said to orchestrate cross-layer behaviors and Layer 0 is said to expose well-defined APIs, but the paper never specifies these interfaces, their data models, or their timing requirements. A layered architecture without interface definitions cannot be implemented or tested, which weakens the claim that this is an architectural proposal rather than a taxonomy.

minor comments (5)

[§III.B and §III.C] Sections III.B and III.C have identical titles, 'Quantum Paradigm Shift: Principles and Disruptions,' and should be merged or renumbered to avoid duplication.
[§IX.D and §X.C] Figure 13 is referenced in Section IX.D for an RL-assisted quantum routing model and again in Section X.C for qubit expiration and flow control; these appear to be two different figures sharing the same number.
[§IV.F (Layer 3)] Reference [32] is attributed to Pierucci et al. in the Layer 1 discussion and to Chiti et al. in the Layer 3 discussion; one of these citations must be incorrect.
[Title page and headings] The author line contains the typo 'Memeber' instead of 'Member,' and many section headings have extra spacing (e.g., 'L AYER 2', 'Q UANTUM -C ONVERGED'), which should be cleaned up.
[§II.A] The sentence 'The adopted protocol aligns with the methodology that Khan et al. [26], emphasizing' is a grammatical fragment and should be completed.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: this is a survey-and-architecture paper whose load-bearing justifications are external physics and external citations, with no fitted parameters, no self-referential predictions, and no derivation chain that reduces to its own inputs.

full rationale

This paper is a literature survey and architectural position paper, not a derivation: it contains no equation, fitted parameter, or statistical prediction whose output re-enters its own inputs. The central proposal, adding Layer 0 (Quantum Substrate) and Layer 8 (Cognitive Intent Plane) to the classical OSI stack, is justified on two external grounds: standard, independently verifiable physics (no-cloning theorem, decoherence, measurement collapse) and direct citations to independent prior proposals, e.g., 'Khan et al. [55] argue for introducing a 'Layer 0' beneath the physical layer' and 'Granelli et al. [16] and Getu et al. [56] propose extending the OSI model upward to include a 'Cognitive Intent Plane' (Layer 8)'. No in-text citation points to prior work by the present authors (Ahmed, Saeed, Khokhar), so no self-citation loop is load-bearing. The survey methodology in Section II.B assigns existing papers to the proposed layers, but this classification is an organizational taxonomy and is not used to prove any quantitative claim about network performance; the paper's normative conclusions (classical OSI assumptions are mismatched with quantum constraints, new layers are needed, LLM/QML orchestration is a promising direction) rest on external physics and external citations rather than on the taxonomy itself. The most fragile premise, that LLM and QML agents can orchestrate cross-layer decisions within quantum coherence windows, is an unvalidated feasibility assumption; per the hard rules, feasibility and validation concerns are correctness risks, not circularity. Because no prediction is fitted, no result is renamed, and no load-bearing step reduces by construction or by self-citation to its own inputs, the honest finding is no significant circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 3 invented entities

The ledger is unusual because the paper is a survey and architectural proposal rather than a derivation. There are no fitted parameters. The load-bearing assumptions are architectural and technological: layering remains valid, quantum networks scale into 7G, LLM orchestration is reliable, simulators suffice, and the proposed metrics are meaningful. None of these are established in the text. The invented entities are conceptual layers and metrics with no independent evidence or falsifiable handles.

assumptions (5)

domain assumption A layered OSI-style abstraction is the appropriate organizing principle for quantum networks, rather than a radical replacement architecture.
The entire paper extends OSI instead of questioning layering; this assumption justifies adding Layer 0 and Layer 8 while keeping the classical layers. Invoked in Section I.B and Section V.
domain assumption General-purpose quantum networks with entanglement distribution, teleportation, and QKD will become part of 7G infrastructure.
This motivates the 7G framing. If quantum networking remains a niche point-to-point capability, a full-stack redesign is unnecessary. Stated in Section I.A.
domain assumption LLM and QML agents can reliably perform real-time, cross-layer orchestration of quantum network protocols with acceptable latency and trustworthiness.
Layer 8 depends on this capability, but no evidence or implementation is provided in the paper. Introduced in Section IV.C and elaborated in Section V.I.
domain assumption The proposed metrics (entropy throughput, coherence latency, entanglement fidelity) are valid and sufficient for evaluating quantum network stacks.
The evaluation framework is proposed but never used; its validity is asserted. Presented in Section IV.E.2 and the Abstract.
domain assumption Existing simulators (NetSquid, QuNetSim, QuISP) can validate cross-layer quantum protocols as described.
The paper cites these simulators as testbeds but does not run or specify experiments. Mentioned throughout, especially Sections IV.E.1 and VI.

invented entities (3)

Layer 0 (Quantum Substrate)
purpose: Abstraction below the physical layer to manage entanglement generation, coherence tracking, teleportation channels, and quantum memory interfaces.
Introduced as the foundation of the proposed stack; no implementation exists and no falsifiable prediction is made. Based on prior proposals (Khan et al., Tataria et al.).
Layer 8 (Cognitive Intent Plane)
purpose: Top-level orchestration plane using LLMs, QML, and reinforcement learning to adapt lower layers to user intent and quantum state conditions.
Defined as a semantic control plane; relies on unspecified AI capabilities, no implementation or benchmark. Prefigured by Granelli et al. and Getu et al.
Entropy throughput
purpose: Proposed performance metric to quantify quantum network capacity under decoherence.
Listed in the Abstract and Section IV.E.2 but never defined with an equation or measurement protocol.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of OSI Stack Redesign for Quantum Networks: Requirements, Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/XK24JQXS

@misc{pith2026250612195,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: OSI Stack Redesign for Quantum Networks: Requirements, Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/XK24JQXS}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.12195}
}

read the original abstract

Quantum communication is poised to become a foundational element of next-generation networking, offering transformative capabilities in security, entanglement-based connectivity, and computational offloading. However, the classical OSI model-designed for deterministic and error-tolerant systems-cannot support quantum-specific phenomena such as coherence fragility, probabilistic entanglement, and the no-cloning theorem. This paper provides a comprehensive survey and proposes an architectural redesign of the OSI model for quantum networks in the context of 7G. We introduce a Quantum-Converged OSI stack by extending the classical model with Layer 0 (Quantum Substrate) and Layer 8 (Cognitive Intent), supporting entanglement, teleportation, and semantic orchestration via LLMs and QML. Each layer is redefined to incorporate quantum mechanisms such as enhanced MAC protocols, fidelity-aware routing, and twin-based applications. This survey consolidates over 150 research works from IEEE, ACM, MDPI, arXiv, and Web of Science (2018-2025), classifying them by OSI layer, enabling technologies such as QKD, QEC, PQC, and RIS, and use cases such as satellite QKD, UAV swarms, and quantum IoT. A taxonomy of cross-layer enablers-such as hybrid quantum-classical control, metadata-driven orchestration, and blockchain-integrated quantum trust-is provided, along with simulation tools including NetSquid, QuNetSim, and QuISP. We present several domain-specific applications, including quantum healthcare telemetry, entangled vehicular networks, and satellite mesh overlays. An evaluation framework is proposed based on entropy throughput, coherence latency, and entanglement fidelity. Key future directions include programmable quantum stacks, digital twins, and AI-defined QNet agents, laying the groundwork for a scalable, intelligent, and quantum-compliant OSI framework for 7G and beyond.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.12195 by the authors.

**Figure 2.** Overview of the paper organization. protocol aligns with the methodology that Khan et al. [26], emphasizing four core principles: replicability, thematic coverage, bias mitigation, and traceability. Drawing from established models like PRISMA, our review framework consists of the following sequential phases: identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and inclusion. The identification phase retrieved liter… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Feedback-coupled Quantum-Converged OSI model. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (13 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Federated Quantum Applications across domains [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_4.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Representative technologies comprising the quantum [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_5.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: The proposed Quantum-Converged OSI stack includ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_6.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Encoding modalities used in physical-layer quantum [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_7.png]

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: Integrated photonic circuits enable on-chip quantum [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_8.png]

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: Quantum link-layer operations including MAC arbi [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_9.png]

**Figure 10.** Figure 10: Illustration of link-layer QEC using syndrome-based [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_10.png]

**Figure 12.** Figure 12: Software-Defined Quantum Network architecture for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_12.png]

**Figure 13.** Figure 13: RL-assisted quantum routing model that uses fidelity, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_13.png]

**Figure 14.** Figure 14: Concurrent quantum sessions multiplexed over [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_14.png]

**Figure 15.** Figure 15: Session-layer role negotiation across trust domains. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p033_15.png]

**Figure 16.** Figure 16: Cross-layer architectural roles in quantum networks: [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_16.png]

**Figure 17.** Figure 17: Hybrid quantum-classical architecture showing par [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p044_17.png]

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Forward citations

Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

Dynamic Entanglement Distribution for Multi-User and Multi-Protocol Quantum Networking
quant-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A q-ROADM-based dynamic entanglement distribution network connected six users over deployed fibre for 157 hours, supporting full-mesh, sliced, and protocol-optimised configurations.
Universal Fluctuations in the Tail Probability for d=2 Random Walks in Space-Time Random Environments
cond-mat.stat-mech 2025-08 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

The reported d=2 random-walk universality result is unsupported: the full text is a quantum federated learning survey that never mentions random walks, tail probabilities, or lambda_ext.

Reference graph

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