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arxiv: 2508.19770 · v3 · submitted 2025-08-27 · 🌀 gr-qc · astro-ph.CO· hep-ph· hep-th

Gravitational particle production, the cosmological tensions and fast radio bursts

Recai Erdem This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-18 20:46 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌀 gr-qc astro-ph.COhep-phhep-th
keywords gravitational particle productionHubble tensionsigma8 tensionfast radio burstsvacuum polarizationcosmological tensionsHubble constant measurements
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The pith

Gravitational vacuum polarization increases the directly measured Hubble constant while leaving the energy-density value unchanged, which mitigates the Hubble tension but leaves the sigma8 tension untouched and predicts that fast radio bur

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper explores how gravitational particle production in the form of vacuum polarization alters cosmological parameter measurements. It establishes that this effect raises the Hubble constant obtained from direct observations such as supernovae but does not change the value inferred from energy densities in CMB and BAO analyses. Extending the same logic to the sigma8 tension shows that the effect neither reduces nor increases the discrepancy. The framework also forecasts that measurements of the Hubble constant using fast radio bursts will match the energy-density-derived value seen in CMB and BAO data rather than the direct value. A prior misidentification of the relevant Hubble parameter in CMB contexts is corrected to support these conclusions.

Core claim

Inclusion of gravitational vacuum polarization does not mitigate or exacerbate the sigma8 tension while it does mitigate or relieve the Hubble tension. The framework predicts that the Hubble constant measured in fast radio bursts equals hat H0, the same value obtained in CMB and BAO measurements. A correction establishes that hat H0 equals (bar H0 over H0) times bar H0 is the Hubble constant measured in CMB and BAO rather than bar H0 itself.

What carries the argument

The distinction among the directly measured Hubble constant H0, the energy-density-derived bar H0, and the corrected hat H0 produced by gravitational vacuum polarization.

Load-bearing premise

Gravitational vacuum polarization produces an effective increase only in the directly measured Hubble constant while leaving the energy-density-derived value unaffected.

What would settle it

A precise measurement of the Hubble constant from fast radio bursts that differs substantially from the hat H0 value obtained in CMB and BAO analyses would disprove the framework's prediction.

read the original abstract

In [26] it had been found that gravitational particle production (to be more specific, gravitational vacuum polarization) results in an effective increase in the directly measured value of the Hubble constant $H_0$ while it does not affect the value of the Hubble constant derived from energy densities $\bar{H}_0$. It had also been pointed out that this may explain why the Hubble constant $H_0$ determined from direct measurements (such as in SN Ia measurements) and the Hubble constant determined from indirect measurements (such as in CMB calculations in the framework of $\Lambda$CDM) are different. In the present study, first I correct a misidentification in \cite{Erdem-Universe}, namely, $\hat{H}_0=\left(\frac{\bar{H}_0}{H_0}\right)\bar{H}_0$ (rather than $\bar{H}_0$) is the value of the Hubble constant measured in CMB and BAO measurements. Then I extend the analysis to the $\sigma_8$ tension, and to determination of the Hubble constant through observations of fast radio bursts. It is observed that inclusion of the effect of gravitational vacuum polarization essentially does not neither mitigate nor exacerbate the $\sigma_8$ tension (while it mitigates or relieves the Hubble tension). This result is significant in the light of the studies in literature that question existence of a true $\sigma_8$ tension. Moreover, the present framework predicts that the value of the Hubble constant measured in fast radio bursts is $\hat{H}_0$ as in CMB and BAO measurements. This may be checked with observations in future after more precise and conclusive measurements of $\hat{H}_0$, $\bar{H}_0$, $H_0$.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper builds on prior work showing that gravitational vacuum polarization increases the directly measured Hubble constant H0 while leaving the energy-density-derived value H̄0 unchanged. It corrects a misidentification from earlier literature by defining Ĥ0 = (H̄0/H0) H̄0 as the value measured in CMB and BAO analyses, extends the framework to the σ8 tension (finding it neither mitigated nor exacerbated), and predicts that fast radio burst (FRB) observations will measure Ĥ0, consistent with CMB/BAO.

Significance. If the selective impact on direct versus derived H0 holds, the work offers a mechanism that relieves the Hubble tension without affecting the σ8 tension, which aligns with some literature questioning the existence of a true σ8 discrepancy. The FRB prediction supplies a concrete, falsifiable test for future observations once Ĥ0, H̄0, and H0 are measured more precisely.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the definition Ĥ0 = (H̄0/H0) H̄0 makes the prediction that FRB observations measure Ĥ0 (as in CMB and BAO) reduce by construction to a re-expression of the input quantities rather than an independent dynamical consequence of the polarization term.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract and introduction: the central distinction—that gravitational vacuum polarization boosts only the directly measured H0 while leaving the Friedmann-equation-derived H̄0 unaffected—is imported from [26] without re-derivation, explicit check on the stress-energy tensor, or independent verification here. This selective effect is load-bearing for both the claimed resolution of the Hubble tension and the FRB prediction.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the double negative in 'essentially does not neither mitigate nor exacerbate' should be corrected to 'neither mitigates nor exacerbates'.
  2. Notation for H0, H̄0, and Ĥ0 is introduced without a dedicated definitions subsection or table, which reduces clarity when comparing the three quantities across sections.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for the constructive comments. We address each major comment below and outline the revisions we will make to strengthen the presentation and self-containment of the work.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the definition Ĥ0 = (H̄0/H0) H̄0 makes the prediction that FRB observations measure Ĥ0 (as in CMB and BAO) reduce by construction to a re-expression of the input quantities rather than an independent dynamical consequence of the polarization term.

    Authors: We agree that the definition of Ĥ0 is introduced to correct the earlier misidentification and that, taken in isolation, it could appear tautological. However, the classification of FRB observations as measuring Ĥ0 (rather than the direct H0) follows from the physical distinction established in the framework: FRBs probe integrated cosmological distances and energy densities in a manner analogous to CMB and BAO analyses, which are insensitive to the local boost from vacuum polarization. This is not merely a re-labeling but a consequence of how the polarization term modifies the effective stress-energy in direct versus integrated measurements. In the revised manuscript we will expand the abstract and the relevant discussion section to explicitly link the FRB prediction to this dynamical mechanism rather than to the definition alone. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract and introduction: the central distinction—that gravitational vacuum polarization boosts only the directly measured H0 while leaving the Friedmann-equation-derived H̄0 unaffected—is imported from [26] without re-derivation, explicit check on the stress-energy tensor, or independent verification here. This selective effect is load-bearing for both the claimed resolution of the Hubble tension and the FRB prediction.

    Authors: This comment correctly identifies a point where the manuscript could be made more self-contained. The selective effect on direct versus derived Hubble constants was derived in reference [26] via the modification of the stress-energy tensor by gravitational vacuum polarization. While we do not repeat the full calculation, we will add a concise summary of the key steps—including the relevant expressions for the modified stress-energy tensor and the resulting differential impact on local versus Friedmann-equation-based determinations—in a new subsection of the introduction. This addition will provide the explicit check and independent verification requested while keeping the focus on the new extensions to σ8 and FRBs. revision: yes

Circularity Check

2 steps flagged

Core distinction between direct H0 and derived H̄0 imported from self-cited prior work; Ĥ0 definition renders FRB prediction a re-expression by construction

specific steps
  1. self citation load bearing [Abstract]
    "In [26] it had been found that gravitational particle production (to be more specific, gravitational vacuum polarization) results in an effective increase in the directly measured value of the Hubble constant $H_0$ while it does not affect the value of the Hubble constant derived from energy densities $H̄_0$."

    The load-bearing distinction that the effect increases only the direct H0 measurement while leaving the Friedmann-equation-derived H̄0 unaffected is justified solely by citation to the author's own prior paper [26] and is not re-derived or independently verified in the present manuscript. This imported premise is required for both the claimed Hubble-tension relief and the FRB prediction.

  2. self definitional [Abstract]
    "first I correct a misidentification in cite{Erdem-Universe}, namely, $Ĥ_0=(H̄_0/H_0)H̄_0$ (rather than $H̄_0$) is the value of the Hubble constant measured in CMB and BAO measurements. ... the present framework predicts that the value of the Hubble constant measured in fast radio bursts is $Ĥ_0$ as in CMB and BAO measurements."

    Ĥ0 is explicitly constructed as (H̄0/H0) H̄0; once CMB/BAO are reassigned to this quantity, the statement that FRB observations must measure Ĥ0 reduces to a re-labeling of the input quantities under the framework's assumptions rather than an independent derivation from the polarization term.

full rationale

The manuscript's resolution of the Hubble tension and its prediction for fast radio bursts both rest on the premise that gravitational vacuum polarization selectively boosts only the directly measured H0 while leaving the energy-density-derived H̄0 unchanged. This premise is taken directly from the author's prior work [26] (cited as Erdem-Universe) with no independent derivation or explicit check against the action or stress-energy tensor supplied here. The subsequent definitional correction Ĥ0 = (H̄0/H0) H̄0 then allows the claim that FRB measurements yield exactly Ĥ0 to follow tautologically once FRB is assigned to the CMB/BAO category, without new equations demonstrating why the selective effect applies to FRB. The σ8 neutrality statement follows from the same imported framework but adds no further circularity. The derivation chain therefore reduces substantially to self-citation and definitional re-labeling.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on the assumption imported from prior work that gravitational vacuum polarization differentially affects direct versus energy-density-derived Hubble measurements; no new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are introduced in the abstract itself.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Gravitational vacuum polarization results in an effective increase in the directly measured value of the Hubble constant H0 while it does not affect the value derived from energy densities H̄0
    This premise, stated in the abstract as the finding from reference [26], is required for the claimed resolution of the Hubble tension and the subsequent sigma8 and FRB conclusions.

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discussion (0)

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Works this paper leans on

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