USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents | Paper Citation Record

Observation d3bad177-8d16-4566-a713-eac1b4519d0a · outbound

This paper cites Smart sustainable cities of the future: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review.Sustainable cities and society, 31:183–212, 2017.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Smart sustainable cities of the future: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review.Sustainable cities and society, 31:183–212, 2017

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:30.053205Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 9885d6b5-dcee-466e-a819-85deb337d722 · outbound

This paper cites Box and jenkins: time series analysis, forecasting and control.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Box and jenkins: time series analysis, forecasting and control

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:29.739759Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation bf73a06d-d4d3-45e8-a8e0-c00a25460d23 · outbound

This paper cites TEMPO: Prompt-based generative pre-trained transformer for time series forecasting.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents TEMPO: Prompt-based generative pre-trained transformer for time series forecasting

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:29.470939Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation c255d701-a394-4e5c-be7d-30674f53e250 · outbound

This paper cites Agentboard: An analytical evaluation board of multi-turn llm agents.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 37:74325–74362, 2024.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Agentboard: An analytical evaluation board of multi-turn llm agents.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 37:74325–74362, 2024

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:29.217389Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation ad43525f-18d8-4cd5-943f-5c15873e9543 · outbound

This paper cites Graphwiz: An instruction-following language model for graph computational problems.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Graphwiz: An instruction-following language model for graph computational problems

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:12.443472Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6c75bcdb-df9a-46e9-9849-480d16ce3eba · outbound

This paper cites Deeptransport: Learning spatial-temporal dependency for traffic condition forecasting.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Deeptransport: Learning spatial-temporal dependency for traffic condition forecasting

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:28.987240Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation a3e9f2f7-2aa0-4acc-8083-40f2d7188618 · outbound

This paper cites TimeBench: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Temporal Reasoning Abilities in Large Language Models.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents TimeBench: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Temporal Reasoning Abilities in Large Language Models

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:12.611434Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c8fe3724-6bf0-4dbf-8be1-42ebe63c9e00 · outbound

This paper cites On the evolution of random graphs.Publ.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents On the evolution of random graphs.Publ

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:28.735372Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation a59d186c-7fc3-48c5-9aa1-90e8e9f54f9b · outbound

This paper cites Test of Time: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Temporal Reasoning.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Test of Time: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Temporal Reasoning

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:12.799685Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 90ac15c2-34fb-41be-9f7e-e7ba2f5f5eb2 · outbound

This paper cites CityGPT: Empowering Urban Spatial Cognition of Large Language Models.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents CityGPT: Empowering Urban Spatial Cognition of Large Language Models

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:12.923658Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b05f7949-d8c9-498a-9b12-096d40ba262b · outbound

This paper cites CityBench: Evaluating the Capabilities of Large Language Models for Urban Tasks.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents CityBench: Evaluating the Capabilities of Large Language Models for Urban Tasks

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:13.027010Z

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Observation 56f07dc6-d6a3-4acb-8701-9bc858e7f096 · outbound

This paper cites Pygad: An intuitive genetic algorithm python library.Multimedia tools and applications, 83(20):58029–58042, 2024.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Pygad: An intuitive genetic algorithm python library.Multimedia tools and applications, 83(20):58029–58042, 2024

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:28.524138Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 301f1204-0906-4602-ba2f-615260bd1b80 · outbound

This paper cites ChatGLM: A Family of Large Language Models from GLM-130B to GLM-4 All Tools.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents ChatGLM: A Family of Large Language Models from GLM-130B to GLM-4 All Tools

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:13.204895Z

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Observation b1aca464-8f36-4df2-b1a8-765071066833 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:13.286626Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d35c513c-5a74-454e-882a-19d19dea1460 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:13.387728Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 88da6acb-25fb-4d14-bf4a-95722d3d2e20 · outbound

This paper cites Language Models Represent Space and Time.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Language Models Represent Space and Time

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:13.477756Z

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Observation 06b0d6f0-dd10-4535-9cb6-71fdfe62f4c8 · outbound

This paper cites The scoot on-line traffic signal optimisation technique.Traffic Engineering & Control, 23(4), 1982.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents The scoot on-line traffic signal optimisation technique.Traffic Engineering & Control, 23(4), 1982

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:28.285556Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 50b9e666-f72a-4045-93a3-4acfb89323e9 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4o System Card.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents GPT-4o System Card

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:13.695425Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 49476d7d-4ca7-496c-ad4c-af8166894df1 · outbound

This paper cites OpenAI o1 System Card.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents OpenAI o1 System Card

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:13.795554Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e88a2df5-49c1-4ece-898c-30b2188c82e7 · outbound

This paper cites Towards mitigating LLM hallucination via self reflection.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Towards mitigating LLM hallucination via self reflection

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:13.899032Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c9424195-67a4-4265-9689-cd4d5e9eb84f · outbound

This paper cites Llmlight: Large language models as traffic signal control agents.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Llmlight: Large language models as traffic signal control agents

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:28.013525Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation ecf904e5-b7a4-4121-929f-8c83c7c34bcc · outbound

This paper cites Reframing Spatial Reasoning Evaluation in Language Models: A Real-World Simulation Benchmark for Qualitative Reasoning.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Reframing Spatial Reasoning Evaluation in Language Models: A Real-World Simulation Benchmark for Qualitative Reasoning

Reference 22

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:20.582052Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation ae512c5d-51a9-4e84-99e8-024664a580cc · outbound

This paper cites Repetition in repetition out: Towards understanding neural text degeneration from the data perspective.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36:72888–72903, 2023.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Repetition in repetition out: Towards understanding neural text degeneration from the data perspective.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36:72888–72903, 2023

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:14.169851Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cde91bcb-a5c6-4f1a-9bdf-dc48f39c0cee · outbound

This paper cites Towards alleviating traffic congestion: Optimal route planning for massive-scale trips.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Towards alleviating traffic congestion: Optimal route planning for massive-scale trips

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:27.808459Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation bf669141-44b7-4e7e-ab00-e559ef889780 · outbound

This paper cites STBench: Assessing the Ability of Large Language Models in Spatio-Temporal Analysis.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents STBench: Assessing the Ability of Large Language Models in Spatio-Temporal Analysis

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:14.331330Z

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Observation e5fbb148-bc8a-42b0-a3c2-d058aaf4748a · outbound

This paper cites Urbangpt: Spatio-temporal large language models.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Urbangpt: Spatio-temporal large language models

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:27.625467Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 10788f50-7666-48cf-b82f-6b5c41040519 · outbound

This paper cites Timecma: Towards llm-empowered multivariate time series forecasting via cross-modality alignment.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Timecma: Towards llm-empowered multivariate time series forecasting via cross-modality alignment

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:14.509291Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a0ec181d-3d0c-40c4-a3e0-f98ee4e6e9a3 · outbound

This paper cites Knowledge-infused contrastive learning for urban imagery-based socioeconomic prediction.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Knowledge-infused contrastive learning for urban imagery-based socioeconomic prediction

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:27.411860Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 422597ef-7eb4-488b-b0b3-4004cea8b6ad · outbound

This paper cites Simulation of urban mobility (sumo), February 4 2025.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Simulation of urban mobility (sumo), February 4 2025

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:27.198446Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation e3b83036-12e7-4dff-ab0a-8f649ede33e4 · outbound

This paper cites Scats, sydney co-ordinated adaptive traffic system: A traffic responsive method of controlling urban traffic.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Scats, sydney co-ordinated adaptive traffic system: A traffic responsive method of controlling urban traffic

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:27.016511Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation f747e7a6-3ced-4808-ac9c-b3c9e30c2a34 · outbound

This paper cites SpartQA: : A Textual Question Answering Benchmark for Spatial Reasoning.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents SpartQA: : A Textual Question Answering Benchmark for Spatial Reasoning

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:14.883698Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d259570f-b2c7-4498-b981-7de7b44aa08a · outbound

This paper cites Transfer Learning with Synthetic Corpora for Spatial Role Labeling and Reasoning.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Transfer Learning with Synthetic Corpora for Spatial Role Labeling and Reasoning

Reference 32

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:20.222720Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 4828f170-3d74-4f7d-b4a9-e47b21946184 · outbound

This paper cites Towards understanding the spatial literacy of chatgpt.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Towards understanding the spatial literacy of chatgpt

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:26.760392Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 14f51320-84f5-495e-a4e6-d249685ad8dc · outbound

This paper cites Tlc trip record data, 2025.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Tlc trip record data, 2025

Reference 34

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:26.551616Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 4cc97432-e7f0-474a-9398-f6319ecbaac2 · outbound

This paper cites Dima: An llm-powered ride-hailing assistant at didi.arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.04768, 2025.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Dima: An llm-powered ride-hailing assistant at didi.arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.04768, 2025

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:15.195897Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dec75734-d12d-4434-b73d-9313191c4b88 · outbound

This paper cites UrbanKGent: A Unified Large Language Model Agent Framework for Urban Knowledge Graph Construction.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents UrbanKGent: A Unified Large Language Model Agent Framework for Urban Knowledge Graph Construction

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:15.268020Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cb413b5a-1f9e-4f3c-9391-efd7c0e6903d · outbound

This paper cites Openstreetmap planet data, 2025.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Openstreetmap planet data, 2025

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:26.285455Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 6ad461f8-920f-470c-84de-08b57ba8d8c7 · outbound

This paper cites Self-Reflection in LLM Agents: Effects on Problem-Solving Performance.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Self-Reflection in LLM Agents: Effects on Problem-Solving Performance

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:15.428482Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 723dd069-13af-447a-a128-06ea71470315 · outbound

This paper cites Sparc and sparp: Spatial reasoning char- acterization and path generation for understanding spatial reasoning capability of large language models.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Sparc and sparp: Spatial reasoning char- acterization and path generation for understanding spatial reasoning capability of large language models

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:26.080108Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation a69353f3-9ea3-4fe3-bebd-270f11f1adc1 · outbound

This paper cites Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:15.585405Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4daf5592-2ac2-4e64-8a55-200258dc8fc8 · outbound

This paper cites Stepgame: A new benchmark for robust multi- hop spatial reasoning in texts.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Stepgame: A new benchmark for robust multi- hop spatial reasoning in texts

Reference 41

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:25.851533Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation c251b9f7-f9ca-43fe-b35f-5a38e669c87a · outbound

This paper cites Towards Benchmarking and Improving the Temporal Reasoning Capability of Large Language Models.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Towards Benchmarking and Improving the Temporal Reasoning Capability of Large Language Models

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:15.798080Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0f1326f0-41f0-49e4-8514-d1ebba27bd56 · outbound

This paper cites Cityflow: A city-scale benchmark for multi-target multi-camera vehicle tracking and re-identification.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Cityflow: A city-scale benchmark for multi-target multi-camera vehicle tracking and re-identification

Reference 43

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:25.623904Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation fa4bfccf-fd74-4b0e-a578-54a27441a953 · outbound

This paper cites Qwq-32b: Embracing the power of reinforcement learning, 2025.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Qwq-32b: Embracing the power of reinforcement learning, 2025

Reference 44

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:25.303061Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation f4af302b-8d6b-4e6b-8601-3ad39f849674 · outbound

This paper cites Air quality prediction with physics-guided dual neural odes in open systems.ICLR, 2025.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Air quality prediction with physics-guided dual neural odes in open systems.ICLR, 2025

Reference 45

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:25.077903Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 2552d402-3c96-4f5b-ad90-9fbdb48000f7 · outbound

This paper cites Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in smart cities.Computer Communications, 154:313– 323, 2020.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in smart cities.Computer Communications, 154:313– 323, 2020

Reference 46

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:24.803848Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation af1e7ce4-b8e8-4356-a1e3-b3f04352730e · outbound

This paper cites Robust extrema features for time-series data analysis.IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 35(6):1464–1479, 2012.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Robust extrema features for time-series data analysis.IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 35(6):1464–1479, 2012

Reference 47

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:24.526996Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation e2e9300c-94fa-4f4f-b587-ac87034a2781 · outbound

This paper cites Reinforcement learning-based placement of charging stations in urban road networks.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Reinforcement learning-based placement of charging stations in urban road networks

Reference 48

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:24.223000Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 19ad2d6f-34f2-4d09-9f88-daae5c60538b · outbound

This paper cites A survey on large language model based autonomous agents.Frontiers of Computer Science, 18(6):186345, 2024.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents A survey on large language model based autonomous agents.Frontiers of Computer Science, 18(6):186345, 2024

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:16.401542Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 90c123ca-ef52-4e9c-982c-e2b79595fb2c · outbound

This paper cites Global gridded gdp data set consistent with the shared socioeco- nomic pathways.Scientific data, 9(1):221, 2022.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Global gridded gdp data set consistent with the shared socioeco- nomic pathways.Scientific data, 9(1):221, 2022

Reference 50

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:23.916545Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation bc30ab37-8be1-49a4-99da-2284ce663a53 · outbound

This paper cites Where Would I Go Next? Large Language Models as Human Mobility Predictors.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Where Would I Go Next? Large Language Models as Human Mobility Predictors

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:16.540853Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 631cb0a6-a581-461d-bb63-c6f357f4aa12 · outbound

This paper cites From news to forecast: Integrating event analysis in llm-based time series forecasting with reflection.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 37:58118–58153, 2024.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents From news to forecast: Integrating event analysis in llm-based time series forecasting with reflection.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 37:58118–58153, 2024

Reference 52

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:16.622503Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d99b94fc-7b0c-45fb-994c-9ed5ba95a5ac · outbound

This paper cites Tram: Benchmarking temporal reasoning for large language models.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Tram: Benchmarking temporal reasoning for large language models

Reference 53

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:23.698546Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 3d1eb627-a4e6-4049-aa82-7a20f09596ef · outbound

This paper cites Colight: Learning network-level cooperation for traffic signal control.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Colight: Learning network-level cooperation for traffic signal control

Reference 54

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:23.475729Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 92fe0cfb-22d7-44ae-9710-dde0885ad2fb · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models

Reference 55

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:16.887823Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 505bf480-0890-478b-b977-1c17a5ad767a · outbound

This paper cites Coverage location models: alternatives, approximation, and uncertainty.International Regional Science Review, 39(1):48–76, 2016.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Coverage location models: alternatives, approximation, and uncertainty.International Regional Science Review, 39(1):48–76, 2016

Reference 56

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:23.247621Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 0096260e-70f7-423c-baae-ebacf7b67b57 · outbound

This paper cites Worldpop hub, 2025.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Worldpop hub, 2025

Reference 57

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:23.019759Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 65fc1a15-7390-4d78-90d8-35e328c4f2ab · outbound

This paper cites Large language models can learn temporal reasoning.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Large language models can learn temporal reasoning

Reference 58

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:17.045214Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 63d0c6b9-0757-42fd-99dc-eea7f6aee440 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Spatial Understanding of Large Language Models.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Evaluating Spatial Understanding of Large Language Models

Reference 59

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:17.109005Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 50dc80f6-64a3-494a-bcaa-7b0934374277 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 60

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:17.170094Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a7da1f14-7825-47e0-8d35-858f2469cd3b · outbound

This paper cites Foursquare dataset.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Foursquare dataset

Reference 61

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:22.831190Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 0947063f-e531-4e33-b803-ac5d06090025 · outbound

This paper cites Unist: A prompt-empowered universal model for urban spatio-temporal prediction.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Unist: A prompt-empowered universal model for urban spatio-temporal prediction

Reference 62

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:22.582495Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 534d8ca3-9355-478c-be5e-d2617d2ce9cb · outbound

This paper cites CoLLMLight: Cooperative Large Language Model Agents for Network-Wide Traffic Signal Control.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents CoLLMLight: Cooperative Large Language Model Agents for Network-Wide Traffic Signal Control

Reference 63

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:17.318918Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a3a05314-e66e-49aa-a2ab-2a28e89ac2ae · outbound

This paper cites AgentTuning: Enabling Generalized Agent Abilities for LLMs.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents AgentTuning: Enabling Generalized Agent Abilities for LLMs

Reference 64

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:17.428562Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 48950252-710c-4907-94f0-437c9c7b95d3 · outbound

This paper cites Open3dvqa: A benchmark for comprehensive spatial reasoning with multimodal large language model in open space.arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.11094, 2025.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Open3dvqa: A benchmark for comprehensive spatial reasoning with multimodal large language model in open space.arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.11094, 2025

Reference 65

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:17.608625Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2d326e74-c59f-4b3e-8183-5e397f5281bb · outbound

This paper cites Reinforcement learning for traffic signal control.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Reinforcement learning for traffic signal control

Reference 66

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:22.404837Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation fabf270e-123f-4fc7-9ce1-332b15430add · outbound

This paper cites Urbanvideo-bench: Benchmarking vision- language models on embodied intelligence with video data in urban spaces.arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.06157, 2025.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Urbanvideo-bench: Benchmarking vision- language models on embodied intelligence with video data in urban spaces.arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.06157, 2025

Reference 67

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:17.931121Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0d75fb69-a602-4e7e-8442-29c2235cce72 · outbound

This paper cites Where to go next: A spatio-temporal gated network for next poi recommendation.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 34(5):2512–2524, 2020.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Where to go next: A spatio-temporal gated network for next poi recommendation.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 34(5):2512–2524, 2020

Reference 68

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:22.238763Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 41cab77f-526e-4780-82bd-3ba195d55daf · outbound

This paper cites CityEQA: A Hierarchical LLM Agent on Embodied Question Answering Benchmark in City Space.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents CityEQA: A Hierarchical LLM Agent on Embodied Question Answering Benchmark in City Space

Reference 69

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:18.279741Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6832a9e1-703e-4f49-b092-d7d0f99a8b58 · outbound

This paper cites Llamafactory: Unified efficient fine-tuning of 100+ language models.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Llamafactory: Unified efficient fine-tuning of 100+ language models

Reference 70

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:18.409485Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 19360793-b3c5-4839-83e3-15ec9d74624c · outbound

This paper cites Spatial planning of urban communities via deep reinforcement learning.Nature Computational Science, 3(9):748– 762, 2023.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Spatial planning of urban communities via deep reinforcement learning.Nature Computational Science, 3(9):748– 762, 2023

Reference 71

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:22.005609Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation be5f3e12-424a-4851-9e95-73b5a71994bf · outbound

This paper cites UrbanPlanBench: A Comprehensive Urban Planning Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents UrbanPlanBench: A Comprehensive Urban Planning Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models

Reference 72

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:18.662366Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c5dd61e9-0ffb-464b-97af-6e169aee06af · outbound

This paper cites Road planning for slums via deep reinforcement learning.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Road planning for slums via deep reinforcement learning

Reference 73

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:21.838077Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 61ce2295-ac49-4efe-a6f4-b1a2f38a06a2 · outbound

This paper cites going on a vacation.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents going on a vacation

Reference 74

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:21.632527Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 8b91d25d-f6ec-49d2-9dac-c2c543ed9e90 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Model for Participatory Urban Planning.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Large Language Model for Participatory Urban Planning

Reference 75

Resolution: malformed identifier; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:19.072276Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 25e769a7-7f59-4d94-8167-be3f432879db · outbound

This paper cites answer":.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents answer":

Reference 76

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:21.417259Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 0a1940f9-9f5b-4dcf-a6ce-05b98748b6fb · outbound

This paper cites Miscellaneous Shop.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents Miscellaneous Shop

Reference 77

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:21.155850Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 682dc218-38ba-4888-9e43-f4757dff36fb · outbound

This paper cites answer":.

USTBench: Benchmarking and Dissecting Spatiotemporal Reasoning of LLMs as Urban Agents answer":

Reference 78

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:47:20.945046Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Coverage vector

Reference resolution

Outbound references

Pith citing papers