Pith. sign in

REVIEW 18 cited by

A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Application

Not yet reviewed by Pith; the record is open.

This paper has not been read by Pith yet. Machine review is queued; the pith claim, tier, and objections will appear here once it completes.

SPECIMEN: schema-true, not a live event

T0 review · schema-true

One-sentence machine reading of the paper's core claim.

pith:XXXXXXXX · record.json · timestamp

arxiv 2302.00487 v3 pith:7JZJEC4Y submitted 2023-01-31 cs.LG cs.AIcs.CV

A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Application

classification cs.LG cs.AIcs.CV
keywords learningcontinualapplicationapplicationsbeyondcomprehensivegeneralmethods
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
0 comments
read the original abstract

To cope with real-world dynamics, an intelligent system needs to incrementally acquire, update, accumulate, and exploit knowledge throughout its lifetime. This ability, known as continual learning, provides a foundation for AI systems to develop themselves adaptively. In a general sense, continual learning is explicitly limited by catastrophic forgetting, where learning a new task usually results in a dramatic performance degradation of the old tasks. Beyond this, increasingly numerous advances have emerged in recent years that largely extend the understanding and application of continual learning. The growing and widespread interest in this direction demonstrates its realistic significance as well as complexity. In this work, we present a comprehensive survey of continual learning, seeking to bridge the basic settings, theoretical foundations, representative methods, and practical applications. Based on existing theoretical and empirical results, we summarize the general objectives of continual learning as ensuring a proper stability-plasticity trade-off and an adequate intra/inter-task generalizability in the context of resource efficiency. Then we provide a state-of-the-art and elaborated taxonomy, extensively analyzing how representative methods address continual learning, and how they are adapted to particular challenges in realistic applications. Through an in-depth discussion of promising directions, we believe that such a holistic perspective can greatly facilitate subsequent exploration in this field and beyond.

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Forward citations

Cited by 18 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models

    cs.AI 2023-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Voyager achieves superior lifelong learning in Minecraft by combining an automatic exploration curriculum, a library of executable skills, and iterative LLM prompting with environment feedback, yielding 3.3x more uniq...

  2. ReCoLoRA: Spectrum-Aware Recursive Consolidation for Continual LLM Fine-Tuning

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0

    Spectrum-initialized LoRA with elbow ranks and recursive SVD consolidation of the effective weight beats rank-swept PEFT baselines on three of four 7–8B models in continual GLUE fine-tuning.

  3. Unsupervised Continual Clustering via Forward-Backward Knowledge Distillation

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    FBCC introduces unsupervised continual clustering via a teacher-student forward-backward distillation process that outperforms baselines on clustering accuracy while reducing catastrophic forgetting.

  4. TFGN: Task-Free, Replay-Free Continual Pre-Training Without Catastrophic Forgetting at LLM Scale

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    TFGN is an architectural overlay for transformers enabling task-free, replay-free continual pre-training across heterogeneous domains at LLM scale with near-zero backward transfer and high gradient orthogonality.

  5. Rotation-Preserving Supervised Fine-Tuning

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    RPSFT improves the in-domain versus out-of-domain performance trade-off during LLM supervised fine-tuning by penalizing rotations in pretrained singular subspaces as a proxy for loss-sensitive directions.

  6. Comprehensive AI governance requires addressing non-model gains

    cs.CY 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Non-model gains via inference, systems, and assets can drive AI capabilities independently of base models, requiring governance beyond model-level evaluation and mitigation.

  7. You Don't Need Public Tests to Generate Correct Code

    cs.SE 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    DryRUN lets LLMs create their own test inputs and run internal simulations for self-correcting code generation, matching the performance of test-dependent methods like CodeSIM on LiveCodeBench without public tests or ...

  8. EvolveR: Self-Evolving LLM Agents through an Experience-Driven Lifecycle

    cs.CL 2025-10 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    EvolveR enables LLM agents to self-evolve via a closed loop of distilling interaction trajectories into strategic principles offline and retrieving them to guide online decisions with policy reinforcement, yielding be...

  9. Mask the Target: A Plug-and-Play Regularizer Against LoRA Forgetting

    cs.CL 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    A plug-and-play KL regularizer that masks the target token and renormalizes probabilities to improve the learning-forgetting trade-off in LoRA adaptation of LLMs.

  10. Anytime Training with Schedule-Free Spectral Optimization

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    SF-NorMuon is a new schedule-free spectral optimizer that closes the gap with tuned AdamW on 125M-772M parameter models across 1-8x Chinchilla horizons while providing stationarity guarantees.

  11. Hybrid Edge-HPC Systems for Low-Latency Data-Driven Inference

    cs.DC 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    RBF decouples edge inference from HPC simulation and training by using pluggable surrogate models at the edge with asynchronous updates to maintain low-latency predictions despite irregular model improvements.

  12. HEDP: A Hybrid Energy-Distance Prompt-based Framework for Domain Incremental Learning

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    HEDP uses energy regularization inspired by Helmholtz free energy plus hybrid energy-distance weighting in prompts to improve domain selection and achieve a 2.57% accuracy gain on benchmarks like CORe50 while mitigati...

  13. Incremental learning for audio classification with Hebbian Deep Neural Networks

    eess.AS 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    A kernel plasticity approach in Hebbian DNNs for incremental sound classification achieves 76.3% accuracy over five steps on ESC-50, outperforming the 68.7% baseline without plasticity.

  14. EvolveR: Self-Evolving LLM Agents through an Experience-Driven Lifecycle

    cs.CL 2025-10 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    EvolveR proposes a closed-loop self-evolution system for LLM agents that distills experiences into principles offline and applies reinforcement during online task interactions to achieve better performance on multi-ho...

  15. Hybrid Edge-HPC Systems for Low-Latency Data-Driven Inference

    cs.DC 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    RBF is a hybrid edge-HPC architecture that decouples low-latency edge inference using surrogate models from asynchronous HPC-driven model updates for simulation-bounded cyber-physical systems.

  16. LIFE -- an energy efficient advanced continual learning agentic AI framework for frontier systems

    cs.AI 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    LIFE is a proposed agentic framework that combines four components to enable incremental, flexible, and energy-efficient continual learning for HPC operations such as latency spike mitigation.

  17. The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey

    cs.AI 2023-09 accept novelty 4.0

    The paper surveys the origins, frameworks, applications, and open challenges of AI agents built on large language models.

  18. Domain-incremental audio classification using domain-specific experts and prototype classifier

    eess.AS 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 3.0

    Domain-incremental audio classification via frozen domain-specific experts plus prototype classifier on concatenated features yields 78.15% micro / 77.03% macro accuracy on the DCASE 2026 Task 7 development set.