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NYU CTF Bench: A Scalable Open-Source Benchmark Dataset for Evaluating LLMs in Offensive Security

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arxiv 2406.05590 v3 pith:GT2GC4BN submitted 2024-06-08 cs.CR cs.AIcs.CYcs.LG

classification cs.CRcs.AIcs.CYcs.LG
keywords llmsbenchmarkautomatedchallengescybersecuritydatasetopen-sourcebench
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Large Language Models (LLMs) are being deployed across various domains today. However, their capacity to solve Capture the Flag (CTF) challenges in cybersecurity has not been thoroughly evaluated. To address this, we develop a novel method to assess LLMs in solving CTF challenges by creating a scalable, open-source benchmark database specifically designed for these applications. This database includes metadata for LLM testing and adaptive learning, compiling a diverse range of CTF challenges from popular competitions. Utilizing the advanced function calling capabilities of LLMs, we build a fully automated system with an enhanced workflow and support for external tool calls. Our benchmark dataset and automated framework allow us to evaluate the performance of five LLMs, encompassing both black-box and open-source models. This work lays the foundation for future research into improving the efficiency of LLMs in interactive cybersecurity tasks and automated task planning. By providing a specialized benchmark, our project offers an ideal platform for developing, testing, and refining LLM-based approaches to vulnerability detection and resolution. Evaluating LLMs on these challenges and comparing with human performance yields insights into their potential for AI-driven cybersecurity solutions to perform real-world threat management. We make our benchmark dataset open source to public https://github.com/NYU-LLM-CTF/NYU_CTF_Bench along with our playground automated framework https://github.com/NYU-LLM-CTF/llm_ctf_automation.

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Cited by 13 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Cyber Defense Benchmark: Agentic Threat Hunting Evaluation for LLMs in SecOps

    cs.CR 2026-04 conditional novelty 8.0 of 10

    A new benchmark shows frontier LLMs achieve only 3.8% average recall identifying malicious events from raw logs and fail to meet 50% recall thresholds on most tactics.

  2. CyberEvolver: Structured Self-Evolution for Cybersecurity Agents On the Fly

    cs.CR 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    CyberEvolver introduces a four-layer self-evolving agent architecture with trace-to-diagnosis and population beam search that raises seed agent success rates by 13.6% on CTF, exploitation, and penetration tasks across...

  3. Dynamic Cyber Ranges

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    Dynamic Cyber Ranges with LLM defender agents reduce attacker success to 0-55% and preserve evaluation headroom as models advance by using comparable capabilities on both sides.

  4. Synthesizing Multi-Agent Harnesses for Vulnerability Discovery

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    AgentFlow uses a typed graph DSL covering roles, prompts, tools, topology and protocol plus a runtime-signal feedback loop to optimize multi-agent harnesses, reaching 84.3% on TerminalBench-2 and discovering ten new z...

  5. Antares: Foundation Models for Agentic Vulnerability Localization

    cs.CR 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Antares-3B, a 3B model trained with SFT plus GRPO, matches GPT-5.5 on repository-scale vulnerability localization at roughly 1/100th the inference cost.

  6. The Disruptive Impact of Large Language Models on Capture the Flag Competitions and the Path Toward Fair Play

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Frontier LLM agents now reliably solve easy and intermediate CTF challenges in cryptography, web, and pwn, so competitions must declare their purpose before choosing AI policies.

  7. Beyond Success Rate: Cost-Aware Evaluation of Offensive and Defensive Security Agents

    cs.CR 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Security-agent success changes differently with budget: offensive CTF tasks improve with more compute, while defensive SOC work depends more on tool discipline than spend.

  8. Mastermind: Strategy-grounded Learning for Repository-Scale Vulnerability Reproduction

    cs.AI 2026-07 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Mastermind's dual-loop planner learns transferable strategies via SFT and milestone GRPO, raising GPT-5.5 executor pass rate on 200 held-out CyberGym tasks from 60% to 84.5%.

  9. unix-ctf: Procedural Environments for Unix-Competence Reinforcement Learning

    cs.CR 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    unix-ctf procedurally generates 656 Unix CTF tasks across 155 techniques; fine-tuning Qwen3-8B on them raises solve rate from 11.6% to 43.6% on a 15-skill holdout and yields +33 pp in Forensics on InterCode-CTF.

  10. Open Security Benchmark: Towards Autonomous Enterprise Cyber Defense

    cs.CR 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    OSB proposes frozen synthetic-enterprise snapshots with gold posture answers so AI agents can be benchmarked on security investigation via SQL or native vendor APIs.

  11. Are Frontier LLMs Ready for Cybersecurity? Evidence for Vertical Foundation Models from Dual-Mode Vulnerability Benchmarks

    cs.CR 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Frontier LLMs exhibit 10-50% false positives in white-box vulnerability detection and 4-8% ground-truth coverage in black-box web testing, with domain-specialized agents and models outperforming them and supporting th...

  12. Are Frontier LLMs Ready for Cybersecurity? Evidence for Vertical Foundation Models from Dual-Mode Vulnerability Benchmarks

    cs.CR 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Dual-mode benchmarks reveal frontier LLMs have high false positives and low vulnerability coverage in cybersecurity tasks while domain-specialized models reach over 50% per-family detection and 0.904 precision, indica...

  13. Systematic Capability Benchmarking of Frontier Large Language Models for Offensive Cyber Tasks

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Claude 4.5 Opus reaches 59% solve rate on offensive cyber CTF tasks, with a Kali Linux environment adding 9.5 percentage points over Ubuntu while prompt engineering often hurts performance in equipped setups.

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