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50 Years of Quantum Chromodynamics
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This paper presents a comprehensive review of both the theory and experimental successes of Quantum Chromodynamics, starting with its emergence as a well defined theory in 1972-73 and following developments and results up to the present day. Topics include a review of the earliest theoretical and experimental foundations; the fundamental constants of QCD; an introductory discussion of lattice QCD, the only known method for obtaining exact predictions from QCD; methods for approximating QCD, with special focus on effective field theories; QCD under extreme conditions; measurements and predictions of meson and baryon states; a special discussion of the structure of the nucleon; techniques for study of QCD at high energy, including treatment of jets and showers; measurements at colliders; weak decays and quark mixing; and a section on the future, which discusses new experimental facilities or upgrades currently funded. The paper is intended to provide a broad background for Ph.D. students and postdocs starting their career. Some contributions include personal accounts of how the ideas or experiments were developed.
Forward citations
Cited by 43 Pith papers
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Scalar glueball-$s\bar{s}$ mixing in one flavor lattice QCD
A lattice QCD simulation with one dynamical strange quark finds a large scalar glueball-s̄s mixing angle |θ|≈40.7(2.7)° and mixing energy x_s≈239(24) MeV, implying strong glueball-strange-quark mixing.
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Single inclusive hadron and jet production in lepton-hadron scattering
Single inclusive high-PT hadron and jet production in lepton-hadron scattering is factorized using a joint QCD+QED approach with universal lepton distribution functions, and predictions are given for JLab and EIC energies.
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Factorized QED and QCD Contribution to Deeply Inelastic Scattering
The NLO factorized QED contribution to the leading e+q->e+X subprocess of DIS is computed and shown to be infrared safe with no free parameters beyond the factorization scale.
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Functional renormalization of QCD in $1 + 1$ dimensions: four-fermion interactions from quark-gluon dynamics
First functional renormalization group study of two-dimensional QCD with a mass-like regulator, producing flow equations for the gauge coupling, quark mass, and a Fierz-complete set of four-fermion interactions.
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Quantum entanglement within quarkonium
Quark-antiquark entanglement entropy in quarkonium is derived from light-front wave functions, reduces to the Shannon entropy of TMDs, and shows strong polarization dependence for spin-1 mesons.
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Perusing confining pseudoreal theories: a story of emerging massless spin-1 bosons
Confining pseudoreal gauge theories leave free massless spin-1 composites in the IR—one for almost all one-species models, two plus an NGB for the only confining two-species model.
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Hints for string breaking in QCD
Direct measurement of chromo-electric flux-tube profiles in lattice QCD with physical quark masses indicates string breaking occurs at a quark-antiquark separation between 0.963 and 1.156 fm.
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Speed of sound peak in two-color dense QCD: confronting effective models with lattice data
A medium-separated NJL model reproduces the lattice-observed peak in the speed of sound for two-color dense QCD, where conventional cutoff regularization fails.
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Baselines for Abelian Charge Fluctuations in Nuclear Collisions:Theory and Comparison with Experimental Data
Exact global baryon number conservation alone cannot reproduce STAR BES-II and HADES proton factorial cumulants; adding repulsive proton pairs at high energies and attractive triplets at low energies does, but with pa...
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Quantum Scaling in Energy Correlators Beyond the Confinement Transition
In the post-confinement regime the small-angle energy-energy correlator scales with the collision energy through the J=5 DGLAP anomalous dimension, and the light-ray OPE coefficients are moments of the dihadron fragme...
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Cross-Section Bootstrap: Unveiling the Froissart Amplitude
A universal finite-energy upper bound on the integrated cross-section for identical scalars is derived; the conjectured saturating "Froissart amplitude" shows Regge trajectories, a rising cross-section, and annulus-li...
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A New State of Matter between the Hadronic Phase and the Quark-Gluon Plasma?
This paper proposes an intermediate SQGB phase in which quark degrees of freedom are liberated while gluons remain bound in glueballs until about 285 MeV.
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Quantum computation of hadron scattering in a lattice gauge theory
On a trapped-ion quantum computer, the authors prepared multiple meson wave packets and simulated their early-time collisions in a 1+1D Z2 lattice gauge theory.
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Asymptotic gauge symmetry and UV extension of the nonperturbative coupling in holographic QCD
A holographic effective strong coupling with momentum-dependent confinement strength and ultraviolet boundary conditions reproduces alpha_s data at all scales and gives alpha_s(MZ) = 0.1161 +/- 0.0017.
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Covariant analysis of electromagnetic current on the light cone: exposition with scalar Yukawa theory
Adding an antinucleon Fock component, even at only ~2% probability, dramatically reduces the frame dependence of the charge form factor in strongly coupled scalar Yukawa theory on the light front.
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Precise Determination of the Strong Coupling Constant from Dijet Cross Sections up to the Multi-TeV Range
A complete NNLO QCD fit to LHC and HERA dijet data yields alpha_s(m_Z) = 0.1178 with a total uncertainty of 0.0022 and tests the running coupling from 7 GeV up to 7 TeV.
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Measuring Quantum Discord at the LHC
The authors derive closed-form formulas for quantum discord in the ttbar system and predict it can be measured at the LHC with sub-percent precision using the kinematic method.
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Insight on confinement from the QCD effective charge
Assigning the imaginary poles of α_g1 to parton propagators produces long-distance damping e^{-Λ_s|x|/√2}|x|^{-5/2+d_a}, interpreting confinement as Green's-function suppression.
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Effects of Born-Infeld Electrodynamics on Chiral Symmetry Restoration and Meson Susceptibilities in Holographic QCD
In a soft-wall holographic QCD model on a Born-Infeld black hole, stronger bulk nonlinearity shifts the chiral phase boundary to higher temperatures without changing the transition order.
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Low-lying singly heavy baryon states based on the rigorous calculation with the relativized quark model
A quark-model calculation with rigorous orbital mixing reproduces 74 singly heavy baryon masses with an average deviation of 6.96 MeV.
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Finding Low Star Discrepancy 3D Kronecker Point Sets Using Algorithm Configuration Techniques
Optimizing the two Kronecker parameters with irace yields new state-of-the-art L∞ star discrepancy for 3D point sets of size at least 500 and for ranges of sizes.
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New axion contribution to the two-photon decays of neutral pions
Axion-pion mixing adds a new next-to-leading-order term to the pi0 to gamma gamma decay width that is negligible for standard light axions but may matter for MeV-scale heavy axions.
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Nucleon and singly heavy baryons from the QCD instanton vacuum
A chiral soliton model with a momentum-dependent quark mass from the instanton vacuum predicts Delta-N and Sigma_Q-Lambda_Q mass splittings of 214 and 206 MeV.
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Mapping spatial distributions within pseudoscalar mesons
A new analytic parametrization of meson valence-quark GPDs yields spatial charge and mass distributions and radius ratios for pions, kaons and heavy-light mesons.
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$\lambda$, $\rho$, and $\sigma$ Regge trajectories for the quadruply heavy pentaquark $bb\bar{u}cc$ in the diquark-triquark picture
Regge relations for bbūcc in the diquark-triquark picture give four trajectory series with M∼x^{2/3} or √x behavior plus spin-averaged mass estimates for λ, ρ1, ρ2 and σ excitations.
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Faddeev equations for the $J/\psi\,NN$ and $\phi\,NN$ three-body systems in momentum space
A momentum-space Faddeev calculation with Malfliet-Tjon and HAL QCD potentials predicts phi-nucleon-nucleon bound states and no J/psi-nucleon-nucleon bound state.
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Electromagnetic structure of charged and neutral strange vector mesons
Covariant NJL calculations give K*+ charge radius 0.45 fm² and magnetic moment 2.67 μ_N, and K*0 radius −0.04 fm² and moment 0.032 μ_N.
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Effects of flavor-mixings on charged kaon and pion parton distribution functions
Vacuum-polarization flavor mixing in the U(3) NJL model produces small, mass-difference-driven shifts in charged pion and kaon valence PDFs that mildly improve agreement with data at 4 and 27 GeV².
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Semileptonic and nonleptonic weak decays of bottom baryons $\Omega^{(*)}_{b}$
QCD sum-rule calculation predicts Ω_b^*→Ω_c and Ω_b→Ω_c^* semileptonic and nonleptonic decay widths, e.g. Γ(Ω_b^*→Ω_c eν)=(1.54+0.29−0.27)×10^-14 GeV.
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Revisiting constraints on proton PDFs from HERA DIS, Drell-Yan, W/Z Boson production, and projected EIC measurements
A new NLO and NNLO global QCD fit to HERA, Drell-Yan, and W/Z data yields proton PDFs, a strange-sea ratio near 1.07, and projections that EIC data would reduce gluon and alpha_s uncertainties.
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Machine Learning Based Top Quark and W Jet Tagging to Hadronic Four-Top Final States Induced by SM as well as BSM Processes
Using gradient boosting and neural networks on simulated jets, the authors find lower mistagging rates than a cut-based tagger for hadronic four-top final states, at similar real efficiency.
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Unquenched Charmonium and Beyond
This Lanzhou-group review argues that coupled-channel (unquenched) effects, not exotic constituents, are the common thread explaining charmonium anomalies from the rho-pi puzzle to the Y-problem states.
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Three-dimensional imaging of hadrons with hard exclusive reactions: advances in experiment, theory, phenomenology, and lattice QCD
A community white paper reviewing GPD-based 3D imaging of hadrons — experiment, theory, phenomenology, lattice QCD — and the roadmap toward precision tomography at JLab, COMPASS, J-PARC, and future electron-ion colliders.
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Toward a Unified Understanding of the Dense Matter Equation of State
A review of three Bayesian/computational frameworks for combining heavy-ion and astrophysical constraints on the dense-matter equation of state, plus a proposed unified integration workflow.
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New contribution to the anomalous $\pi^0\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ decay in SU(2) chiral perturbation theory
A new one-loop axion-pion mixing correction to the pi0 to gamma gamma decay width is claimed within SU(2) chiral perturbation theory, but the paper provides no derivation and likely repeats the authors' prior work.
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Summary Report of the Physics Beyond Colliders Study at CERN
The Physics Beyond Colliders report updates the case for a broad non-collider experimental programme at CERN, arguing it is essential for exploring dark sectors, neutrino physics, and QCD.
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Asymptotic Freedom in Parton Language: the Birth of Perturbative QCD
A historical review of Parisi's QCD papers, arguing that the Altarelli-Parisi equation provided the first rigorous proof of factorization in deep-inelastic scattering.
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Parton Distribution Functions and their Generalizations
A textbook-style introduction to the definitions, QCD properties, experimental access, and current phenomenological status of PDFs and their generalizations.
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Energy Correlators: A Journey From Theory to Experiment
A review of energy correlators and their role in QCD, collider experiments, and formal quantum field theory.
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Lattice perspectives on doubly heavy tetraquarks
A review of lattice QCD results concludes that doubly heavy tetraquarks Tbb(ud/us) are firmly predicted as bound states, Tcc appears as a virtual state at nonphysical masses, and Tbc is under active study.
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Physics-Driven Learning for Inverse Problems in Quantum Chromodynamics
A perspective article reviewing physics-driven machine learning for inverse problems in QCD, without introducing new data, derivations, or quantitative results.
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Parton distribution functions from lattice QCD
A review of lattice-QCD approaches to parton distribution functions concludes that the field is moving from feasibility studies to quantitatively controlled calculations.
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Hadron Spectroscopy: Experimental Overview
Hadron spectroscopy's experimental status is reviewed from PDG listings: the conventional and exotic meson and baryon spectrum through 2025-2026, with no new results reported.
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