pith. sign in

arxiv: 2602.17241 · v2 · pith:SIVIGSLSnew · submitted 2026-02-19 · ⚛️ nucl-th · hep-ph

Spectra and elliptic flow of light hadrons in an expanding fire-cylinder model for the RHIC Beam Energy Scan

Anand Rai , Ashutosh Dwibedi , Sabyasachi Ghosh This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 06:35 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ nucl-th hep-ph
keywords RHIC Beam Energy Scanelliptic flowtransverse momentum spectrafire-cylinder modelAu+Au collisionskinetic freeze-outblast-wave profilehadron production
0
0 comments X

The pith

An expanding elliptic fire-cylinder model with parameters fixed from pion spectra consistently describes the p_T spectra and qualitative elliptic flow of kaons, protons and antiprotons across RHIC BES energies.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper applies an expanding elliptic fire-cylinder model incorporating longitudinal expansion and anisotropic transverse flow to peripheral Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27 and 39 GeV. Particle production is modeled at kinetic freeze-out via a local equilibrium distribution with a blast-wave-like fluid velocity profile. Expansion parameters are constrained exclusively by fitting midrapidity pion p_T spectra and then transferred without adjustment to kaons, protons and antiprotons. The resulting description matches the measured spectra for all species and reproduces the qualitative trend of elliptic flow v2.

Core claim

Within the expanding elliptic fire-cylinder model, the collective expansion parameters constrained by the midrapidity p_T spectra of charged pions can be applied without further adjustment to K±, p and p-bar, yielding a consistent description of their p_T spectra and the qualitative behavior of elliptic flow in peripheral Au+Au collisions at the listed BES energies.

What carries the argument

The expanding elliptic fire-cylinder model with blast-wave-like fluid velocity profile derived from the expansion dynamics.

Load-bearing premise

The collective expansion parameters fitted to pion spectra remain valid without species-dependent retuning when applied to kaons, protons and antiprotons.

What would settle it

A clear mismatch between the model prediction and measured proton p_T spectra at one of the studied energies when using the pion-derived parameters would falsify the consistency claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2602.17241 by Anand Rai, Ashutosh Dwibedi, Sabyasachi Ghosh.

Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2: (Color online) Time evolution of spatial eccen [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3: (Color online) Time evolution of the volume [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4: (Color Online) Rapidity distribution of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5: (Color online) Calculated [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6: Rapidity distribution of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7: Mid-rapidity particle yields [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9: Time evolution and angular dependence of the transverse expansion velocity of the fire-cylinder for different [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10: Snapshots of the elliptical evolution of the expanding fire-cylinder at four different times. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11: Rapidity dependence ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12: (Color online) Deviations between the measured and fitted transverse momentum ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_12.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We investigate the transverse momentum spectra ($p_T$) and elliptic flow ($v_2$) of $\pi^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $p$, and $\bar{p}$ produced in peripheral Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 7.7$, 11.5, 19.6, 27, and 39 GeV in the Beam Energy Scan (BES) Program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The analysis is carried out within an expanding elliptic fire-cylinder model that incorporates longitudinal expansion and anisotropic transverse flow. Particle production at kinetic freeze-out is obtained using a local equilibrium distribution function with a blast-wave-like fluid velocity profile derived from the expansion dynamics of the elliptic fire-cylinder. The model parameters governing the collective expansion are first constrained by fitting the midrapidity $p_T$ spectra of $\pi^{\pm}$ and are then applied, without further adjustment, to $K^{\pm}$, $p$, and $\bar{p}$. The model provides a consistent description of the $p_T$ spectra and reproduces the qualitative behavior of the elliptic flow for all considered particle species.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents an expanding elliptic fire-cylinder model that incorporates longitudinal expansion and anisotropic transverse flow to describe the p_T spectra and elliptic flow v_2 of π±, K±, p, and p-bar in peripheral Au+Au collisions at RHIC BES energies (7.7–39 GeV). The collective-expansion parameters (transverse flow velocity profile, freeze-out temperature, ellipticity, and longitudinal expansion) are constrained exclusively by fitting the midrapidity p_T spectra of π± and then applied without further adjustment to the other species, with the claim that this yields a consistent description of the spectra and reproduces the qualitative behavior of v_2 across all particles.

Significance. If the central claim holds, the work shows that a relatively simple analytic blast-wave-like model with a small number of parameters can simultaneously account for the mass-dependent spectra and the qualitative mass ordering of v_2 across the BES energy range, providing a useful benchmark for more microscopic hydrodynamic calculations.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The claim that the parameters are 'first constrained by fitting the midrapidity p_T spectra of π± and are then applied, without further adjustment' is load-bearing for the central result. In a blast-wave velocity field, heavier particles experience a stronger blue-shift for the same flow velocity; the well-known (T, β) degeneracy in such models means that a parameter set reproducing pion spectra need not automatically reproduce the steeper proton spectra or the observed v_2 mass ordering unless the fit is shown to be unique or the model is tested against that degeneracy.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and constructive feedback on our manuscript. We address the major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The claim that the parameters are 'first constrained by fitting the midrapidity p_T spectra of π± and are then applied, without further adjustment' is load-bearing for the central result. In a blast-wave velocity field, heavier particles experience a stronger blue-shift for the same flow velocity; the well-known (T, β) degeneracy in such models means that a parameter set reproducing pion spectra need not automatically reproduce the steeper proton spectra or the observed v_2 mass ordering unless the fit is shown to be unique or the model is tested against that degeneracy.

    Authors: We agree that the (T, β) degeneracy is a known feature of standard blast-wave parametrizations and that it must be considered when claiming parameter transferability. Our model differs from the minimal two-parameter blast-wave by simultaneously fitting a full set of collective parameters (transverse velocity profile, ellipticity, longitudinal expansion, and freeze-out temperature) to the detailed shape of the pion p_T spectra. The successful reproduction of the steeper slopes for K±, p, and p-bar, as well as the qualitative v_2 mass ordering, without readjustment provides empirical evidence that the chosen parameter combination is physically consistent across species. To directly address the referee’s concern we will add a short paragraph in the revised manuscript discussing the degeneracy and explaining how the multi-parameter fit together with the validation on independent observables (spectra of heavier particles and v_2) constrains the solution beyond a simple (T, β) pair. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: standard fit-to-pions then validation on independent species and v2

full rationale

The paper constrains expansion parameters exclusively from midrapidity π± p_T spectra and then applies the identical values to K±, p, p-bar spectra plus v2 for all species. This is ordinary model validation against held-out data (different particles, and v2 which is never used in the fit). No equation reduces to its own input by construction, no self-citation chain is load-bearing, and no ansatz is smuggled. The derivation chain is self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

3 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

Based solely on the abstract, the central claim rests on several fitted parameters (temperature, transverse and longitudinal flow velocities, eccentricity) whose values are determined by pion spectra and then reused. The model assumes local thermal equilibrium at freeze-out and a specific functional form for the velocity profile derived from the cylinder expansion.

free parameters (3)
  • transverse flow velocity parameters
    Fitted to pion pT spectra and then applied unchanged to other species
  • freeze-out temperature
    Chosen or fitted to match pion data
  • ellipticity and longitudinal expansion parameters
    Governing the anisotropic flow and used for all particles
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Local equilibrium distribution function at kinetic freeze-out
    Invoked to obtain particle spectra from the fluid velocity profile
  • domain assumption Blast-wave-like fluid velocity profile from elliptic fire-cylinder expansion
    Used to link expansion dynamics to observed flow

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5745 in / 1375 out tokens · 23847 ms · 2026-05-25T06:35:58.810308+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

68 extracted references · 68 canonical work pages · 41 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Edward V. Shuryak. Quantum Chromodynamics and the Theory of Superdense Matter.Phys. Rept., 61:71–158, 1980.doi:10.1016/0370-1573(80)90105-2

    work page doi:10.1016/0370-1573(80)90105-2 1980

  2. [2]

    Dirk H. Rischke. The Quark gluon plasma in equilib- rium.Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys., 52:197–296, 2004.arXiv: nucl-th/0305030,doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2003.09.002

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2003.09.002 2004

  3. [3]

    Edward V. Shuryak. What RHIC experiments and theory tell us about properties of quark-gluon plasma?Nucl. Phys. A, 750:64–83, 2005.arXiv:hep-ph/0405066,doi: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.10.022

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.10.022 2005

  4. [4]

    Heavy Ion Collisions: The Big Picture, and the Big Questions

    Wit Busza, Krishna Rajagopal, and Wilke van der Schee. Heavy Ion Collisions: The Big Picture, and the Big Questions.Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 68:339–376, 2018.arXiv:1802.04801,doi:10.1146/ annurev-nucl-101917-020852

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  5. [5]

    The Search for the Quark-Gluon Plasma

    John W. Harris and Berndt Muller. The Search for the quark - gluon plasma.Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 46:71–107, 1996.arXiv:hep-ph/9602235,doi:10.1146/ annurev.nucl.46.1.71

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1996

  6. [6]

    Harris and Berndt M¨ uller

    John W. Harris and Berndt M¨ uller. ”QGP Signatures” Revisited.Eur. Phys. J. C, 84(3):247, 2024.arXiv: 2308.05743,doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-12533-y

    work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-12533-y 2024

  7. [7]

    The quest for the quark–gluon plasma.Nature, 448(7151):302–309, 2007

    Peter Braun-Munzinger and Johanna Stachel. The quest for the quark–gluon plasma.Nature, 448(7151):302–309, 2007

    work page 2007

  8. [8]

    Decoding the phase structure of QCD via particle production at high energy

    Anton Andronic, Peter Braun-Munzinger, Krzysztof Redlich, and Johanna Stachel. Decoding the phase struc- ture of QCD via particle production at high energy. Nature, 561(7723):321–330, 2018.arXiv:1710.09425, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0491-6

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0491-6 2018

  9. [9]

    Wojciech Florkowski.Phenomenology of Ultra- Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions. 3 2010

    work page 2010

  10. [10]

    Cambridge University Press, 11 2022.doi:10.1017/9781009290753

    Jean Letessier and Johann Rafelski.Hadrons and Quark–Gluon Plasma. Cambridge University Press, 11 2022.doi:10.1017/9781009290753

    work page doi:10.1017/9781009290753 2022

  11. [11]

    Bulk Properties of the Medium Produced in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions from the Beam Energy Scan Program

    L. Adamczyk et al. Bulk Properties of the Medium Pro- duced in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions from the Beam Energy Scan Program.Phys. Rev. C, 96(4):044904, 2017. arXiv:1701.07065,doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.96.044904

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc.96.044904 2017

  12. [12]

    Properties of the QCD matter: re- view of selected results from the relativistic heavy ion collider beam energy scan (RHIC BES) program.Nucl

    Jinhui Chen et al. Properties of the QCD matter: re- view of selected results from the relativistic heavy ion collider beam energy scan (RHIC BES) program.Nucl. Sci. Tech., 35(12):214, 2024.arXiv:2407.02935,doi: 10.1007/s41365-024-01591-2

    work page doi:10.1007/s41365-024-01591-2 2024

  13. [13]

    Roland, K

    G. Roland, K. Safarik, and P. Steinberg. Heavy-ion col- lisions at the LHC.Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys., 77:70–127, 2014.doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2014.05.001

    work page doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2014.05.001 2014

  14. [14]

    An overview of experimental results from ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the CERN LHC: bulk properties and dynamical evolution

    Panagiota Foka and Ma lgorzata Anna Janik. An overview of experimental results from ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the CERN LHC: Bulk proper- ties and dynamical evolution.Rev. Phys., 1:154–171, 2016.arXiv:1702.07233,doi:10.1016/j.revip.2016. 11.002

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.revip.2016 2016

  15. [15]

    Why does the Quark-Gluon Plasma at RHIC behave as a nearly ideal fluid ?

    Edward Shuryak. Why does the quark gluon plasma at RHIC behave as a nearly ideal fluid?Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys., 53:273–303, 2004.arXiv:hep-ph/0312227,doi: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2004.02.025

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2004.02.025 2004

  16. [16]

    Viscosity Information from Relativistic Nuclear Collisions: How Perfect is the Fluid Observed at RHIC?

    Paul Romatschke and Ulrike Romatschke. Viscosity Information from Relativistic Nuclear Collisions: How Perfect is the Fluid Observed at RHIC?Phys. Rev. Lett., 99:172301, 2007.arXiv:0706.1522,doi:10.1103/ 14 PhysRevLett.99.172301

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2007

  17. [17]

    Anisotropy as a signature of trans- verse collective flow.Phys

    Jean-Yves Ollitrault. Anisotropy as a signature of trans- verse collective flow.Phys. Rev. D, 46:229–245, 1992. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.46.229

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.46.229 1992

  18. [18]

    Collective phenomena in non-central nuclear collisions

    Sergei A. Voloshin, Arthur M. Poskanzer, and Raimond Snellings. Collective phenomena in non-central nuclear collisions.Landolt-Bornstein, 23:293–333, 2010.arXiv: 0809.2949,doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01539-7_10

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01539-7_10 2010

  19. [19]

    Hydrodynamic description of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions

    Peter F. Kolb and Ulrich W. Heinz. Hydrodynamic de- scription of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. pages 634–714, 5 2003.arXiv:nucl-th/0305084

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2003

  20. [20]

    Radial and elliptic flow at RHIC: further predictions

    P. Huovinen, P. F. Kolb, Ulrich W. Heinz, P. V. Ruuska- nen, and S. A. Voloshin. Radial and elliptic flow at RHIC: Further predictions.Phys. Lett. B, 503:58–64, 2001. arXiv:hep-ph/0101136,doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(01) 00219-2

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(01 2001

  21. [21]

    Constraining models of initial conditions with elliptic and triangular flow data

    Ekaterina Retinskaya, Matthew Luzum, and Jean-Yves Ollitrault. Constraining models of initial conditions with elliptic and triangular flow data.Phys. Rev. C, 89(1):014902, 2014.arXiv:1311.5339,doi:10.1103/ PhysRevC.89.014902

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014

  22. [23]

    B. I. Abelev et al. Mass, quark-number, and √sNN de- pendence of the second and fourth flow harmonics in ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions.Phys. Rev. C, 75:054906, 2007.arXiv:nucl-ex/0701010,doi:10. 1103/PhysRevC.75.054906

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2007

  23. [24]

    Collective flow and viscosity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

    Ulrich Heinz and Raimond Snellings. Collective flow and viscosity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 63:123–151, 2013.arXiv:1301.2826, doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102212-170540

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102212-170540 2013

  24. [25]

    Hydrodynamic Modeling of Heavy-Ion Collisions

    Charles Gale, Sangyong Jeon, and Bjoern Schenke. Hy- drodynamic Modeling of Heavy-Ion Collisions.Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 28:1340011, 2013.arXiv:1301.5893, doi:10.1142/S0217751X13400113

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1142/s0217751x13400113 2013

  25. [26]

    Relativistic Fluid Dynamics In and Out of Equilibrium -- Ten Years of Progress in Theory and Numerical Simulations of Nuclear Collisions

    Paul Romatschke and Ulrike Romatschke.Relativistic Fluid Dynamics In and Out of Equilibrium. Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics. Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 5 2019.arXiv:1712.05815,doi:10.1017/ 9781108651998

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  26. [27]

    A. De, J. I. Kapusta, M. Singh, and T. Welle. Com- prehensive simulation of heavy-ion collisions at nonzero baryon chemical potential.Phys. Rev. C, 106(5):054906, 2022.arXiv:2206.02655,doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.106. 054906

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.106 2022

  27. [28]

    Mahammad Sabir Ali, Deeptak Biswas, Amaresh Jaiswal, and Sushant K. Singh. Hadron momentum spec- tra from analytical solutions of relativistic hydrodynam- ics.Eur. Phys. J. C, 85(1):30, 2025.arXiv:2403.00624, doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13751-8

    work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13751-8 2025

  28. [29]

    Chiho Nonaka and Masayuki Asakawa. Mod- eling a realistic dynamical model for high en- ergy heavy ion collisions.Progress of Theoreti- cal and Experimental Physics, 2012(1):01A208, 09 2012.arXiv:https://academic.oup.com/ptep/ article-pdf/2012/1/01A208/4456796/pts014.pdf, doi:10.1093/ptep/pts014

    work page doi:10.1093/ptep/pts014 2012

  29. [30]

    Siemens and John O

    Philip J. Siemens and John O. Rasmussen. Evidence for a blast wave from compressed nuclear matter.Phys. Rev. Lett., 42:880–883, Apr 1979. URL:https:// link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.880,doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.880

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.42.880 1979

  30. [32]

    Description of the RHIC p_T-spectra in a thermal model with expansion

    Wojciech Broniowski and Wojciech Florkowski. Ex- planation of the RHIC p(T) spectra in a ther- mal model with expansion.Phys. Rev. Lett., 87:272302, 2001.arXiv:nucl-th/0106050,doi:10. 1103/PhysRevLett.87.272302

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2001

  31. [33]

    Strange particle production at RHIC in a single-freeze-out model

    Wojciech Broniowski and Wojciech Florkowski. Strange particle production at RHIC in a single freezeout model. Phys. Rev. C, 65:064905, 2002.arXiv:nucl-th/0112043, doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.65.064905

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc.65.064905 2002

  32. [34]

    Hydro-inspired parameterizations of freeze-out in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

    Wojciech Florkowski and Wojciech Broniowski. Hydro- inspired parameterizations of freeze-out in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.Acta Phys. Polon. B, 35:2895–2910, 2004.arXiv:nucl-th/0410081

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2004

  33. [35]

    Identified Particle Elliptic Flow in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=130$ GeV}

    C. Adler et al. Identified particle elliptic flow in Au + Au collisions at √sNN = 130-GeV.Phys. Rev. Lett., 87:182301, 2001.arXiv:nucl-ex/0107003,doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.182301

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevlett.87.182301 2001

  34. [37]

    Spectra and radial flow at RHIC with Tsallis statistics in a Blast-Wave description

    Zebo Tang, Yichun Xu, Lijuan Ruan, Gene van Buren, Fuqiang Wang, and Zhangbu Xu. Spectra and radial flow at RHIC with Tsallis statistics in a Blast-Wave descrip- tion.Phys. Rev. C, 79:051901, 2009.arXiv:0812.1609, doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.79.051901

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc.79.051901 2009

  35. [38]

    Scaling of Elliptic Flow, Recombination and Sequential Freeze-Out of Hadrons in Heavy-Ion Collisions

    Min He, Rainer J. Fries, and Ralf Rapp. Scaling of Elliptic Flow, Recombination and Sequential Freeze- Out of Hadrons in Heavy-Ion Collisions.Phys. Rev. C, 82:034907, 2010.arXiv:1006.1111,doi:10.1103/ PhysRevC.82.034907

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

  36. [39]

    X. Sun, H. Masui, A. M. Poskanzer, and A. Schmah. Blast Wave Fits to Elliptic Flow Data at √sNN = 7.7– 2760 GeV.Phys. Rev. C, 91(2):024903, 2015.arXiv: 1410.1947,doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.91.024903

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc.91.024903 2015

  37. [40]

    Reconstructing the final state of Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV

    Ivan Melo and Boris Tomasik. Reconstructing the fi- nal state of Pb+Pb collisions at √sN N = 2.76 TeV.J. Phys. G, 43(1):015102, 2016.arXiv:1502.01247,doi: 10.1088/0954-3899/43/1/015102

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0954-3899/43/1/015102 2016

  38. [41]

    On elliptic flow and the blast-wave model

    Boris Tomasik. On elliptic flow and the blast-wave model. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 40(21):2542006, 2025.arXiv:2409. 19758,doi:10.1142/S0217751X25420060

    work page doi:10.1142/s0217751x25420060 2025

  39. [42]

    Higher-order anisotropies in the Blast-Wave Model - disentangling flow and density field anisotropies

    Jakub Cimerman, Boris Tomasik, Mate Csanad, and Sandor Lokos. Higher-order anisotropies in the Blast- Wave Model - disentangling flow and density field anisotropies.Eur. Phys. J. A, 53(8):161, 2017.arXiv: 1702.01735,doi:10.1140/epja/i2017-12349-7

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1140/epja/i2017-12349-7 2017

  40. [43]

    Kinetic freeze-out in cen- tral heavy-ion collisions between 7.7 and 2760 GeV per nucleon pair.J

    Ivan Melo and Boris Tom´ aˇ sik. Kinetic freeze-out in cen- tral heavy-ion collisions between 7.7 and 2760 GeV per nucleon pair.J. Phys. G, 47(4):045107, 2020.arXiv: 1908.03023,doi:10.1088/1361-6471/ab5f03

    work page doi:10.1088/1361-6471/ab5f03 2020

  41. [44]

    Sta- tistical hadronization model for low-energy heavy-ion collisions.Journal of Subatomic Particles and Cosmology, 4:100249, 2025

    Wojciech Florkowski and Radoslaw Ryblewski. Sta- tistical hadronization model for low-energy heavy-ion collisions.Journal of Subatomic Particles and Cosmology, 4:100249, 2025. URL:https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S3050480525002298, doi:10.1016/j.jspc.2025.100249. 15

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jspc.2025.100249 2025

  42. [45]

    Ma Lgorzata Gumberidze, Radoslaw Ry- blewski, Piotr Salabura, and Joachim Stroth

    Szymon Harabasz, Wojciech Florkowski, Tetyana Galatyuk,‡. Ma Lgorzata Gumberidze, Radoslaw Ry- blewski, Piotr Salabura, and Joachim Stroth. Statisti- cal hadronization model for heavy-ion collisions in the few-GeV energy regime.Phys. Rev. C, 102(5):054903, 2020.arXiv:2003.12992,doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.102. 054903

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.102 2020

  43. [46]

    Spheroidal expansion and freeze-out geometry of heavy-ion collisions in the few- GeV energy regime.Phys

    Szymon Harabasz, Jedrzej Ko la´ s, Rados law Ryblewski, Wojciech Florkowski, Tetyana Galatyuk, Ma lgorzata Gumberidze, Piotr Salabura, Joachim Stroth, and Hanna Paulina Zbroszczyk. Spheroidal expansion and freeze-out geometry of heavy-ion collisions in the few- GeV energy regime.Phys. Rev. C, 107(3):034917, 2023.arXiv:2210.07694,doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.107. 034917

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.107 2023

  44. [47]

    3H and 3He nu- clei production in a combined thermal and coalescence framework for heavy-ion collisions in the few-GeV en- ergy regime*.Chin

    Zbigniew Drogosz, Wojciech Florkowski, Nikodem Witkowski, and Radoslaw Ryblewski. 3H and 3He nu- clei production in a combined thermal and coalescence framework for heavy-ion collisions in the few-GeV en- ergy regime*.Chin. Phys., 50(1):014104, 2026.arXiv: 2504.00283,doi:10.1088/1674-1137/ae099a

    work page doi:10.1088/1674-1137/ae099a 2026

  45. [48]

    Ulrich W. Heinz. Concepts of heavy ion physics. In2nd CERN-CLAF School of High Energy Physics, pages 165– 238, 7 2004.arXiv:hep-ph/0407360

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2004

  46. [49]

    J. D. Bjorken. Highly Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Col- lisions: The Central Rapidity Region.Phys. Rev. D, 27:140–151, 1983.doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.27.140

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.27.140 1983

  47. [51]

    A viscous blast-wave model for relativistic heavy-ion collisions

    Amaresh Jaiswal and Volker Koch. A viscous blast-wave model for relativistic heavy-ion collisions. 8 2015.arXiv: 1508.05878

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2015

  48. [52]

    A Blast Wave Model With Viscous Corrections

    Z. Yang and Rainer J. Fries. A Blast Wave Model With Viscous Corrections.J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 832(1):012056, 2017.arXiv:1612.05629,doi:10.1088/1742-6596/832/ 1/012056

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/1742-6596/832/ 2017

  49. [54]

    Zhidong Yang and Rainer J. Fries. Parameterizing smooth viscous fluid dynamics with a viscous blast wave. J. Phys. G, 51(1):015102, 2024.arXiv:2007.11777, doi:10.1088/1361-6471/ad0914

    work page doi:10.1088/1361-6471/ad0914 2024

  50. [55]

    Bayesian inference of the specific shear and bulk viscosities of the quark-gluon plasma at crossover fromϕand Ω observables.Phys

    Zhidong Yang and Lie-Wen Chen. Bayesian inference of the specific shear and bulk viscosities of the quark-gluon plasma at crossover fromϕand Ω observables.Phys. Rev. C, 107(6):064910, 2023.arXiv:2207.13534,doi: 10.1103/PhysRevC.107.064910

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.107.064910 2023

  51. [56]

    Baryon- density dependence of viscosities of the quark-gluon plasma at hadronization.Phys

    Zhidong Yang, Yifeng Sun, and Lie-Wen Chen. Baryon- density dependence of viscosities of the quark-gluon plasma at hadronization.Phys. Rev. C, 109(5):054907, 2024.arXiv:2310.17444,doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109. 054907

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.109 2024

  52. [57]

    Low-Mass Dileptons at the CERN-SpS: Evidence for Chiral Restoration?

    Ralf Rapp and Jochen Wambach. Low mass dileptons at the CERN SPS: Evidence for chiral restoration?Eur. Phys. J. A, 6:415–420, 1999.arXiv:hep-ph/9907502, doi:10.1007/s100500050364

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/s100500050364 1999

  53. [58]

    Ralf Rapp and Edward V. Shuryak. Thermal dilepton radiation at intermediate masses at the CERN - SPS. Phys. Lett. B, 473:13–19, 2000.arXiv:hep-ph/9909348, doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(99)01367-2

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(99)01367-2 2000

  54. [59]

    R. Rapp. Signatures of thermal dilepton radiation at RHIC.Phys. Rev. C, 63:054907, 2001.arXiv:hep-ph/ 0010101,doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.63.054907

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.63.054907 2001

  55. [61]

    Heavy-Quark Probes of the Quark-Gluon Plasma at RHIC

    Hendrik van Hees, Vincenzo Greco, and Ralf Rapp. Heavy-quark probes of the quark-gluon plasma and in- terpretation of recent data taken at the BNL Rela- tivistic Heavy Ion Collider.Phys. Rev. C, 73:034913, 2006.arXiv:nucl-th/0508055,doi:10.1103/PhysRevC. 73.034913

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc 2006

  56. [62]

    Comprehensive Interpretation of Thermal Dileptons at the SPS

    Hendrik van Hees and Ralf Rapp. Comprehensive in- terpretation of thermal dileptons at the SPS.Phys. Rev. Lett., 97:102301, 2006.arXiv:hep-ph/0603084, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.102301

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevlett.97.102301 2006

  57. [64]

    Thermal Photons and Collective Flow at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider

    Hendrik van Hees, Charles Gale, and Ralf Rapp. Thermal Photons and Collective Flow at the Relativistic Heavy- Ion Collider.Phys. Rev. C, 84:054906, 2011.arXiv: 1108.2131,doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.84.054906

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc.84.054906 2011

  58. [65]

    The influence of bulk evolution models on heavy-quark phenomenology

    Pol Bernard Gossiaux, Sascha Vogel, Hendrik van Hees, Joerg Aichelin, Ralf Rapp, Min He, and Marcus Bluhm. The Influence of bulk evolution models on heavy-quark phenomenology. 2 2011.arXiv:1102.1114

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2011

  59. [66]

    Pseudo-Critical Enhancement of Thermal Photons in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

    Hendrik van Hees, Min He, and Ralf Rapp. Pseudo- critical enhancement of thermal photons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions?Nucl. Phys. A, 933:256–271, 2015. arXiv:1404.2846,doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2014.09. 009

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2014.09 2015

  60. [68]

    Comment on the Single Particle Distribution in the Hydrodynamic and Statisti- cal Thermodynamic Models of Multiparticle Production

    Fred Cooper and Graham Frye. Comment on the Single Particle Distribution in the Hydrodynamic and Statisti- cal Thermodynamic Models of Multiparticle Production. Phys. Rev. D, 10:186, 1974.doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.10. 186

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.10 1974

  61. [69]

    Beam energy dependent two-pion interferometry and the freeze-out eccentricity of pions in heavy ion collisions at STAR

    L. Adamczyk et al. Beam-energy-dependent two-pion interferometry and the freeze-out eccentricity of pions measured in heavy ion collisions at the STAR detec- tor.Phys. Rev. C, 92(1):014904, 2015.arXiv:1403.4972, doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.92.014904

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc.92.014904 2015

  62. [70]

    Cleymans and K

    J. Cleymans and K. Redlich. Unified description of freezeout parameters in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Phys. Rev. Lett., 81:5284–5286, 1998.arXiv:nucl-th/ 9808030,doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5284

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.81.5284 1998

  63. [71]

    Hadron production in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at chemical freeze-out

    A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, and J. Stachel. Hadron production in central nucleus-nucleus colli- sions at chemical freeze-out.Nucl. Phys. A, 772:167– 199, 2006.arXiv:nucl-th/0511071,doi:10.1016/j. nuclphysa.2006.03.012

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j 2006

  64. [72]

    Chemical and Thermal Freeze-Out Parameters from 1 to 200 A.GeV

    J. Cleymans and K. Redlich. Chemical and ther- mal freezeout parameters from 1-A/GeV to 200-A/GeV. Phys. Rev. C, 60:054908, 1999.arXiv:nucl-th/9903063, doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.60.054908

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc.60.054908 1999

  65. [73]

    Rapidity dependence of charged par- ticle yields for Au+Au at √sNN = 200-GeV.Nucl

    Djamel Ouerdane. Rapidity dependence of charged par- ticle yields for Au+Au at √sNN = 200-GeV.Nucl. 16 Phys. A, 715:478–481, 2003.arXiv:nucl-ex/0212001, doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(02)01454-9

    work page doi:10.1016/s0375-9474(02)01454-9 2003

  66. [74]

    S. V. Afanasiev et al. Energy dependence of pion and kaon production in central Pb + Pb collisions.Phys. Rev. C, 66:054902, 2002.arXiv:nucl-ex/0205002,doi: 10.1103/PhysRevC.66.054902

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc.66.054902 2002

  67. [75]

    Adamczewski-Musch et al

    J. Adamczewski-Musch et al. Charged-pion production inAu+Aucollisions at √sNN = 2.4GeV: HADES Collaboration.Eur. Phys. J. A, 56(10):259, 2020.arXiv: 2005.08774,doi:10.1140/epja/s10050-020-00237-2

    work page doi:10.1140/epja/s10050-020-00237-2 2020

  68. [76]

    Elliptic flow of identified hadrons in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 7.7--62.4 GeV

    L. Adamczyk et al. Elliptic flow of identified hadrons in Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7-62.4 GeV.Phys. Rev. C, 88:014902, 2013.arXiv:1301.2348,doi:10.1103/ PhysRevC.88.014902

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013