Black Holes at the LHC

Greg Landsberg (Brown University); Savas Dimopoulos (Stanford University)

REVIEW

Black Holes at the LHC

Savas Dimopoulos (Stanford University), Greg Landsberg (Brown University)

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 27 Jun 2001 · 16 references

Pith's verdict: The founding paper of collider black hole phenomenology: the qualitative signatures have held up, the reach numbers and especially the n-measurement claim are softer than the abstract implies.

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arXiv IDhep-ph/0106295 (version 1)

Pith IDWO5GADXE, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationGreg Landsberg (Brown University), Savas Dimopoulos (Stanford University). "Black Holes at the LHC." arXiv:hep-ph/0106295 (2001). https://pith.science/paper/WO5GADXE

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Short version: this is the paper that turned TeV-scale black holes from a curiosity into an LHC search channel, and the qualitative case it makes has held up. The quantitative reach numbers are softer than they look, and the n-measurement claim in the abstract is the softest link in the chain. Worth a serious read, worth citing, worth a referee's time — but read Table I as an estimate, not a promise. First, credit where it's due. The production cross section is a geometric estimate folded with real PDFs, and the authors say so. Eqs. (1) and (3) are Myers-Perry, correctly transcribed; Eq. (5) follows cleanly from the Planck spectrum. What is genuinely new is the phenomenology: democratic branching fractions, the low-missing-energy argument that lets you reconstruct M_BH, the event selection, the Planck-template fit to the electron and photon spectrum, and the log T_H vs log M_BH slope test. That last idea — Wien's displacement law as a dimension counter — is the paper's best original thought, and it is why people still cite this. The candor is also real: the introduction states outright that the semiclassical treatment fails at M_BH ~ M_P and that they are ignoring the obstacle; the decay section names the sudden approximation; footnote [10] truncates the integrals at the kinematic limit; footnote [14] checks M_S = M_P/2 and finds the uncertainties roughly double. The classifier's record says no limitations are stated. That is wrong — the paper is unusually explicit about them. Now the soft spots, in proportion. The extrapolation to M_BH ~ M_P carries no quantified theory error, but that is the honest state of the field, not a defect of this paper. The closure test in Fig. 3 and Table I is a real limitation of interpretation: the events are generated by the same Hawking formula and Planck spectrum the fit recovers, so the recovered n matches the input n by construction, and the quoted errors are statistical only. The stress-test note lands. The fitted temperature is not the quantity Eq. (3) defines — the spectrum is emitted over a lifetime while the hole heats up, and the E < M_BH/2 cutoff sits at M_BH/(2T_H) ~ /2, which grows with mass. A cutoff that moves in units of the fitted scale is exactly what biases a slope, and n = 6 versus n = 7 differ by 0.018 in slope. The paper never asks how either effect distorts the recovered T_H as a function of M_BH. That is a genuine gap, though it is a gap in a reach estimate, not in the qualitative signatures. Who should read it: anyone starting on TeV gravity at colliders, and anyone who wants to see how a signature paper should be argued. Recommendation: send it out. The physics is sound where it claims to be sound, and the weak spot is one a referee can name precisely.

Referee report

Significance

This is a foundational paper for the TeV-scale black hole program at colliders, and its central qualitative claims have held up as the organizing framework for two decades of work. The transcription of the Myers-Perry radius and temperature (Eqs. 1 and 3) is correct, and the multiplicity estimate (Eq. 5) follows cleanly from the Planck spectrum with the stated Boltzmann approximation. The paper makes falsifiable predictions: a large and calculable production rate, a flavor-blind hard-lepton and hard-photon signature with small missing energy, and a specific log-log scaling of temperature with mass whose slope measures the dimensionality of space. It is also candid about its approximations, flagging the stringy regime in the introduction, the sudden approximation in the decay section, the kinematic truncation in footnote 10, and a string-scale cutoff check in footnote 14. The proposal to read n off a slope, rather than off a rate, is a genuinely useful idea that converts a counting measurement into a spectral one.

Major objections (3)

[Test of the Hawking's radiation, Fig. 3 and Table I] The demonstration that n and M_P can be measured is a closure test: the simulated events are generated with the same Eq. (3) temperature and the same Planck spectrum that the fit then assumes, so the recovered n matches the input n by construction up to statistical resolution. The uncertainties quoted in Table I and drawn as error bars in Fig. 3 are statistical only. Because n is obtained from the slope of log T_H versus log M_BH (Eq. 6), a derivative quantity, any mass-dependent bias in the fitted T_H propagates directly and amplified into n. The manuscript should say explicitly that Fig. 3 and Table I are closure tests, and should attach a systematic error budget, or at minimum a statement of which systematics are expected to dominate, before the abstract's claim that the method 'can determine the number of large new dimensions and the scale of quantum gravity' is read at face value.
[Test of the Hawking's radiation, Eq. (6) and the E < M_BH/2 cut] The spectral cutoff used to define the fit sample moves in units of the fitted temperature. Since x_max = M_BH/(2T_H) = ⟨N⟩/2 and ⟨N⟩ grows as (M_BH/M_P)^{(n+2)/(n+1)}, the fit window widens with mass in precisely the variable whose slope determines n. For n = 4 and M_BH/M_P = 3, Eq. (5) gives ⟨N⟩ ≈ 3.6, so x_max ≈ 1.8, below the Planck peak at x ≈ 2.8; for n = 2 at the same mass ratio x_max ≈ 3.5. In the truncated regime the fit is to the rising Wien tail, where the spectral shape is nearly temperature-independent and T enters mainly through the normalization, degenerate with the fitted multiplicity. The manuscript acknowledges the cutoff in prose and truncates the Eq. (4) integrals in footnote 10, but never asks how the moving cutoff distorts the recovered T_H as a function of M_BH. A quantitative study of this bias, for example by fitting the truncated spectrum with the same template at several M_BH and showing the recovered T_H tracks Eq. (3) within the quoted errors, is needed to support the n-extraction.
[Table I, footnote 14, and the stated reach] The reach numbers in Table I (M_P up to 5 TeV for the spectral determination) and in the Summary (M_P ≈ 9 TeV for a counting experiment) are quoted as if the semiclassical formulae hold at the relevant masses, even though at M_P = 5 TeV the typical black hole mass is only of order 1.3 M_P, squarely in the stringy regime the introduction sets aside. Footnote 14 is the only probe of this: taking M_S = M_P/2 roughly doubles the uncertainties in M_P and n. A factor of two on the n error is not a small perturbation; at the upper end of Table I it would make adjacent values of n indistinguishable, since the slopes for n = 6 and n = 7 differ by only about 0.018. The reach claims should be qualified accordingly, and the M_S = M_P/2 result should be promoted from a footnote into the main text as the leading systematic on the dimensionality determination.

Minor objections (11)

[Abstract] The sentence 'The BH decays into prompt, hard photons and charged leptons is a clean signature with low background' is ungrammatical; it should read 'The BH decay into prompt, hard photons and charged leptons is a clean signature with low background.'
[Decay, paragraph on the point-radiator argument] The text states that 'the wavelength λ = 2πT_H corresponding to the Hawking temperature is larger than the size of the black hole.' With ħ = c = 1 this should be λ = 2π/T_H; as written the expression is dimensionally inverted.
[Decay, Eq. (3)] The cross-reference after Eq. (3) points to Fig. 1b, but the Hawking temperature is plotted in panel c). The reference should be corrected.
[Fig. 1b and Production section] The figure legend labels the curves M_S = 1 TeV and M_P = 3, 5, 7 TeV, mixing the string and Planck scales, while the text quotes total cross sections for M_P = 2 TeV and M_P = 6 TeV, values that do not appear in the figure. The notation and the quoted benchmark points should be made consistent between text and figure.
[Introduction and Figs. 2-3] The rate estimate uses 30 fb^-1 per year, whereas the reach studies in Figs. 2 and 3 and in Table I assume 100 fb^-1 of integrated luminosity. The assumed luminosity and running time should be stated once and used consistently, since the quoted significances scale with it.
[Branching fractions] The statement that additional symmetries 'constrain the decays of the black holes' is imprecise for a no-hair horizon, which cannot carry flavor or color. It would be clearer to say that the conservation laws are satisfied statistically by the ensemble of decay products rather than by selection on individual decays, which is what the subsequent democratic-decay estimate actually assumes.
[Branching fractions and Fig. 2] The 10% lepton and 2% photon fractions, and hence the event yields in Fig. 2, depend on the counting convention behind '≈60 particles of the SM.' The manuscript should state whether this count includes color, spin, antiparticles, gluons, and the W and Z, since a different convention changes the branching fractions by a factor of order unity.
[Production, PDF choice] The claim that the cross section depends on the PDF choice at the 10% level is asserted without a reference, and MRSD-' is a 1992 set. Quoting the spread against a contemporary set such as CTEQ5 or MRST would put the statement on firmer ground.
[Fig. 2 and the Summary] The 'practically vanishing SM background' claim underpins the 9 TeV counting reach. The background curves should be shown over the full mass range of the reach claim, and the QCD multi-jet fake rate for the N ≥ 4 plus electron/photon selection should be quoted, since that is the dominant reducible background for this signature.
[Production, Eq. (2)] The geometric cross section neglects the angular-momentum barrier, which reduces it, as well as the initial-state attraction noted in footnote 6, which enhances it. It would help to say explicitly that these corrections act in opposite directions and to indicate their expected size.
[Test of the Hawking's radiation] There are several typographical errors in this section and the surrounding text: 'dispacement' for 'displacement,' 'evaparation' for 'evaporation,' and 'mutiplicity' for 'multiplicity.'

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The paper

The paper claims

If gravity turns on near a TeV, the LHC becomes a black hole factory whose decays reveal the number of extra dimensions.

The reading

The paper asks what the Large Hadron Collider would look like if gravity becomes strong at a few TeV because extra spatial dimensions are large. Under that premise two partons colliding within the higher-dimensional Schwarzschild radius merge into a microscopic black hole, and the geometric cross section $~$ contains no small coupling, so the rate is enormous: roughly one black hole per second at design luminosity, of order $10^7$ per year at $30~$. The authors argue such a hole evaporates thermally into the roughly sixty Standard Model species without regard to flavor, yielding hard prompt photons and charged leptons in high-multiplicity events with little missing energy and negligible background. Because almost nothing escapes unseen, the hole's mass can be reconstructed from its visible products while its temperature is read off their energy spectrum, turning the pair $(M_{BH}, T_H)$ into a measured curve rather than a single number. If that curve follows the higher-dimensional Hawking law, its slope on a log-log plot returns the number of extra dimensions and the scale of quantum gravity.

What carries the argument

Two ingredients carry the argument. The first is the geometric cross section $~$: because the hole's size is set by its mass and the fundamental Planck scale, formation is a classical capture problem with no perturbative suppression, which is what makes the rate large. The second is the Hawking temperature relation $~$, which after taking logarithms becomes a linear law whose slope is fixed by the number of extra dimensions. The decay spectrum, fitted to a Planck form below the kinematic cutoff $M_{BH}/2$, supplies $T_H$ in each mass bin; the mass comes from the visible four-momentum sum, made accurate by the small missing-energy fraction from the three neutrino species. The slope of the log-log line is the observable that distinguishes this signal from any other new physics producing hard leptons and photons.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The claim is that black hole production and evaporation are not merely conceivable at the LHC but are a calculable, high-rate, low-background signal. Using the $(4+n)$-dimensional Schwarzschild radius of Myers and Perry, the authors take the production cross section to be the geometric area $~$, which at $~$ TeV is of order $400$ pb at parton level; convolving with parton luminosities gives total LHC rates from $0.5$ nb down to $120$ fb depending on $M_P$ and $n$. The decay is treated as blackbody emission at the Hawking temperature $T_H$, which scales as $M_{BH}^{-1/(n+1)}$; because the emitted wavelength exceeds the horizon size the hole is a point radiator emitting s-waves, so it decays equally onto the brane and into the bulk, and since the brane holds far more species the decay is visibly Standard Model. Taking the logarithm of the temperature relation gives $~$, a higher-dimensional analogue of Wien's displacement law, so a straight-line fit to $~$ versus $~$ measures $n$ from the slope and $M_P$ from the intercept. The authors simulate the measurement with LHC-like energy smearing and $100~$ of data and report that spectroscopy works up to $M_P$ of about $5$ TeV, while simple event counting reaches roughly $9$ TeV.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the semiclassical picture, geometric capture at $~$ plus thermodynamic Hawking evaporation at the initial temperature, still describes black holes with mass close to the fundamental Planck scale, which is exactly where the LHC would operate; the authors state this obstacle plainly in the introduction and say they will ignore it.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

A black hole sample of millions per year would allow the mass spectrum, production threshold, and cross section growth with energy to be mapped directly, turning quantum gravity into a measured rather than postulated scale.
The slope of $\log T_H$ against $\log M_{BH}$ would return $n$, giving a count of large extra dimensions from collider data alone, independent of graviton-exchange or monojet searches.
The near-absence of missing transverse energy in these events would let the black hole mass be reconstructed to roughly $100$ GeV, limited by jet energy resolution and initial-state radiation rather than by invisible carriers.
Flavor-blind, democratic decay into all roughly sixty Standard Model species would make high-multiplicity hard lepton and photon events the discovery channel, with the $e/\mu + X$ final state giving the widest reach, up to about $9$ TeV in a counting experiment.
Agreement with the Hawking formula would be the first experimental test of black hole thermodynamics as a physical, not merely formal, law.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The same log-log slope test could in principle be run at lower-mass bins to look for the transition where the semiclassical description should fail, turning the stringy regime the authors set aside into a measurable deviation from a straight line rather than an untested assumption.
If the slope came out consistent with $n$ but the intercept implied a Planck scale well below the production threshold inferred from the rate, that mismatch would itself be informative, pointing to bulk geometry or brane-localization effects the paper treats only as a constant.
The democratic-decay premise makes the missing-energy fraction a diagnostic in its own right: a measured invisible fraction much larger than the roughly $5\%$ expected from neutrinos would suggest substantial emission into bulk gravitons, which the paper argues against on wavelength grounds.
Because the temperature fit deliberately uses only the soft part of the spectrum below $M_{BH}/2$, the method's precision is limited by statistics in the low-energy tail; a detector with better electromagnetic resolution at high energy would extend the spectroscopic reach beyond the quoted $5$ TeV.

Original abstract

If the scale of quantum gravity is near a TeV, the LHC will be producing one black hole (BH) about every second. The BH decays into prompt, hard photons and charged leptons is a clean signature with low background. The absence of significant missing energy allows the reconstruction of the mass of the decaying BH. The correlation between the BH mass and its temperature, deduced from the energy spectrum of the decay products, can test experimentally the higher dimensional Hawking evaporation law. It can also determine the number of large new dimensions and the scale of quantum gravity.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 4,162 input tokens, $0.0002 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.09 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.04 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.55 · compares with prior results 0.05 · mentions code or data availability 0.01.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

If the scale of quantum gravity is near a TeV, the LHC will be producing one black hole (BH) about every second. The BH decays into prompt, hard photons and charged leptons is a clean signature with low background. The absence of significant missing energy allows the reconstruction of the mass of the decaying BH. The correlation between the BH mass and its temperature, deduced from the energy spectrum of the decay products, can test experimentally the higher dimensional Hawking evaporation law. It can also determine the number of large new dimensions and the scale of quantum gravity.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	If the scale of quantum gravity is near a TeV, the LHC will be producing one black hole (BH) about every second.	background 0.70	0.08	0.23	hedged possibility 0.49
s1	The BH decays into prompt, hard photons and charged leptons is a clean signature with low background.	method 0.31	0.13	0.12	asserted 1.00
s2	The absence of significant missing energy allows the reconstruction of the mass of the decaying BH.	method 0.53	0.15	0.08	asserted 0.98
s3	The correlation between the BH mass and its temperature, deduced from the energy spectrum of the decay products, can test experimentally the higher dimensional Hawking evaporation law.	interpretation 0.56	0.13	0.19	hedged possibility 0.64
s4	It can also determine the number of large new dimensions and the scale of quantum gravity.	interpretation 0.66	0.12	0.23	hedged possibility 0.66

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: position or commentary 0.62 · evidence from argument 0.95.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v1

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

Figures

**Figure 1.** FIG. 1: a) Parton-level production cross section, b) differe

**Figure 2.** FIG. 2: Number of BHs produced at the LHC in the electron

**Figure 3.** FIG. 3: Determination of the dimensionality of space via

Figures reproduced from arXiv:hep-ph/0106295 by the authors.

References

Works cited (16)

[10]

To avoid this limitation when performing numerical tes ts of Wien’s law, we truncate the integrals in Eq. (4) at the kinematic limit ( MBH/2)

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[14]

We checked the eﬀect of introducing an additional cut- oﬀ at E < M S, where string dynamics is expected to aﬀect the shape of the Planck spectrum, by taking MS = MP /2. As a result, the uncertainties in MP and n increased by about a factor of 2

View on Pith
[1]

N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. Dvali, Phys. Lett. B 429, 263 (1998); I. Antoniadis, N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. Dvali, Phys. Lett. B 436, 257 (1998); N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. Dvali, Phys. Rev. D 59, 086004 (1999)

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[2]

P.C. Argyres, S. Dimopoulos, and J. March-Russell, Phys. Lett. B441, 96 (1998)

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[3]

T. Banks and W. Fischler, hep-th/9906038

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[4]

R. Emparan, G.T. Horowitz, and R.C. Myers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 499 (2000) [hep-th/0003118]

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[5]

R.C. Myers and M.J. Perry, Ann. Phys. 172, 304 (1986)

View on Pith 1986
[6]

In fact the cross section is somewhat enhanced by initial - state attraction [4]

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[7]

V.D. Barger and R.J.N. Phillips, “Collider Physics, Up- dated Edition,” Addison-Wesley, 1997, p. 157

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A.D. Martin, R.G. Roberts, and W.J. Stirling, preprint RAL-92-078 (1992)

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[11]

Any form of new physics at a TeV requires such new symmetries. An example, for TeV-scale supersymmetry, is R-parity

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[2001]

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A community workshop produced a standardized catalog of simplified models for LHC new-physics searches, intended to make experimental limits reusable across many theories.
Locality in quantum gravity and string theory
hep-th 2006-04 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Locality in quantum gravity is argued to break down at Schwarzschild-radius scales due to strong gravity, while string scattering shows no evidence of long-distance nonlocality from strings.
The CMS trigger system
physics.ins-det 2016-09 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

The CMS two-level trigger reduced the LHC collision rate from 40 MHz to about 400 Hz stored events during Run 1, with measured per-object efficiencies and rates documented across the full luminosity range.
Black holes within Asymptotic Safety
hep-th 2014-01 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

Applying the same scale-dependent-coupling improvement to empty space produces a conical singularity, indicating that the singularity in improved black hole models is a scheme artifact rather than a black hole prediction.
The gravitational S-matrix: Erice lectures
hep-th 2011-05 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

The lectures argue that unitarity in black hole evaporation requires new, nearly local physics beyond quantum field theory, and that the gravitational S-matrix is a sharp probe of that regime.
Constraining ADD black holes at the LHC with $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV
hep-ph 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 2.0 of 10

Upper limits on ADD black hole mass MB at 14 TeV LHC range from 11.83 TeV (ζ=0, D=3, ΛD=1 TeV) down to 7.65 TeV (ζ=0.35), with similar shifts for D=7 and higher ΛD.

How later papers used it

148 later papers cite it

Evidence: some. 147 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 11 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 4 of the 214 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

1 later paper by other authors is listed below: 1 used its method or tool.

Uses its method or tool 1 of 4 papers with this label

Adopted the kind of signal introduced in this paper, a high-k-perpendicular isolated photon or Z, to study detection of TeV-scale black holes at the LHC.

Direct photons as probes of low mass strings at the LHC (2008) · 0.95 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

How the literature uses it

138 arXiv papers cite this in 206 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 141 sentences without a confident label

Builds on it 1 paper

We present an extension of previous searches for microscopic semiclassical black holes [ref] , quantum black holes [ref] , and string balls [ref] conducted by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration at the CERN LHC [ref] .

Search for microscopic black holes in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV · Introduction · 0.94

Uses its method or tool 4 papers

In order to assess the possibility of discovery of new physics above background at LHC, we adopt the kind of signal introduced in [ref] to study detection of TeV-scale black holes at the LHC, namely a high-$k_⊥$ isolated $γ$ or $Z.$ Thus, armed with parton distribution functions (CTEQ6D) [ref] we have calculated integrated cross sections $σ(pp→γ+ jet)|_k_⊥(γ)> k_⊥, min$ for both the background QCD processes and for $gg→γg$, for an array of values for the string scale $M_s.$ Our results are shown in Fig. [ref].

Jet signals for low mass strings at the LHC · Introduction · 0.92
In order to assess the possibility of discovery of signal above QCD background, we adopt the kind of signal introduced in [ref] to study detection of TeV-scale black holes at the LHC, namely a high-$k_⊥$ isolated $γ$ or $Z.$ Thus, armed with parton distribution functions (CTEQ6D) [ref] we have calculated integrated cross sections $σ(pp→γ+ jet)|_k_⊥(γ)> k_⊥, min$ for both the background QCD processes (see Appendix I) and for $gg→γg$, for an array of values for the string scale $M_s$ (see Appendix II).

Direct photons as probes of low mass strings at the LHC · Isolated hard photons · 0.95
The and generators calculate the total cross section $σ$ from geometric considerations, assuming that $σ∝πr_S^2$, where $r_S$ is the Schwarzschild radius [ref] .

Search for microscopic black holes in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV · Event reconstruction and Monte Carlo samples · 0.85

Compares with it 3 papers

Although just a convention, the numerical relationships mean that if we take $r_S∼1/M$ as the threshold for black hole production, comparing the two formulations of the Schwarzschild radius in the case of [ref] we would find that black holes would be produced at energies $∼M_P$, while in [ref] black holes would be produced at a scale of $∼4^1/3∼1.6 M_D$ while the convention would yield $(8π)^1/3M̃ ∼2.9 M̃$.

Black Holes and Quantum Gravity at the LHC · Criteria for Black Holes · 0.94
As an aside, let us note that the multiplicity distribution and $p_T$ distribution of the v-pions, and the distribution of final-state quark and lepton flavors, is quite different from a thermal distribution, as one would (at least naively) expect in a black hole decay [ref] , another potential source of high-multiplicity events.

On the Phenomenology of Hidden Valleys with Heavy Flavor · The v-pions · 0.87
Models of black hole production at colliders predict similar spectra [ref] , as do “string balls,” lower-mass precursors of black holes [ref] .

Spheres To Jets: Tuning Event Shapes with 5d Simplified Models · Comparison to other high-multiplicity models in the literature · 0.94

Cites it as support 1 paper

However, as $t→0$, the impact parameter exceeds the Schwarzschild radius for the scattering particles, implying no black hole production in the forward limit [ref] .

Infrared Consistency and the Weak Gravity Conjecture · Analyticity (4D) · 0.99

Cites it as background 49 papers

The prediction for black hole decays in experiments have been approached in a couple of ways, including treating the decay as instantaneous [ref] , evolving with mass [ref] , and sometimes including the appropriate grey body factors for the extra-dimensional black holes as well.

Black Holes and Quantum Gravity at the LHC · Thermality · 0.90
One consequence of these models is the possibility of black hole production at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) if the fundamental scale of gravity $M_D$ is about a TeV [ref] .

Production of tidal-charged black holes at the Large Hadron Collider · Introduction · 0.83
A speculative, but intriguing, possibility of most models is the production of quantum black holes in hadron colliders [ref] .

Quantum black holes in the horizon quantum mechanics model at the Large Hadron Collider · Introduction · 0.89

Discussion

Disagree with the review, or know something it missed? Leave a comment, highlight any passage above to comment on it, or challenge this review formally.

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To avoid this limitation when performing numerical tes ts of Wien’s law, we truncate the integrals in Eq. (4) at the kinematic limit ( MBH/2)

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We checked the eﬀect of introducing an additional cut- oﬀ at E < M S, where string dynamics is expected to aﬀect the shape of the Planck spectrum, by taking MS = MP /2. As a result, the uncertainties in MP and n increased by about a factor of 2

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In fact the cross section is somewhat enhanced by initial - state attraction [4]

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V.D. Barger and R.J.N. Phillips, “Collider Physics, Up- dated Edition,” Addison-Wesley, 1997, p. 157

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A.D. Martin, R.G. Roberts, and W.J. Stirling, preprint RAL-92-078 (1992)

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L. Susskind, private communication

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[12] [11]

Any form of new physics at a TeV requires such new symmetries. An example, for TeV-scale supersymmetry, is R-parity

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N. Arkani-Hamed and S. Dimopoulos, hep-ph/9811353

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and the “Avatars of M-Theory” confer- ence, ITP at Santa Barbara (June 7, 2001), http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/mtheory c01/dimopoulos

View on Pith 2001