3D simulations in an expanding background show cosmic expansion drives nonlinear growth that amplifies gravitational-wave spectra from slow phase transitions by factors of 10 to 100.
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LISA Definition Study Report
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abstract
The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is the first scientific endeavour to detect and study gravitational waves from space. LISA will survey the sky for Gravitational Waves in the 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz frequency band which will enable the study of a vast number of objects ranging from Galactic binaries and stellar mass black holes in the Milky Way, to distant massive black-hole mergers and the expansion of the Universe. This definition study report, or Red Book, presents a summary of the very large body of work that has been undertaken on the LISA mission over the LISA definition phase.
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representative citing papers
In a curvature-coupled propagation framework for modified gravity, gravitational-wave lensing in wave optics shows persistent infrared interactions that prevent the amplification factor from approaching unity at zero frequency, requiring an interacting Green function and partial-wave treatment.
Solar wind plasma noise correlated between LISA and Taiji can bias stochastic gravitational wave background parameter estimates by up to 19% of Fisher uncertainty under large-scale correlation assumptions.
Numerical simulations of plane gravitational waves through Gaussian, NFW and Burkert potentials show non-geodesic propagation for Gaussian profiles and wave convexity reversal for Burkert in strong gravity, with order-one deviations from scalar-wave predictions inside the lens.
Calculates energy fluxes with quadratic-in-spin and quadrupole effects for small-mass-ratio spinning binaries in self-force theory, providing numerical data and sixth-order PN expansions.
O(G^4) gravitational wave scattering amplitude computed in worldline QFT with Murua decomposition, matched to black hole perturbation theory to validate the formalism for Schwarzschild black holes.
SEOBNRv6EHM is a multipolar EOB model for eccentric planar-orbit BBHs calibrated to NR simulations, showing low waveform mismatches up to eccentricity 0.9.
A warped-disk EMRI collision model reproduces QPE patterns in GSN 069 via a new Brightness-Recurrence Diagram and predicts possible LISA detection for a retrograde stellar-mass black hole secondary.
A first-principles perturbative framework is developed to constrain the Moon's elastic parameters and density structure from seismic responses to calibrated gravitational waves, claiming an order-of-magnitude error reduction.
An analytic Chebyshev-expansion method computes gravitational-wave fluxes from arbitrary-eccentricity Schwarzschild geodesics by reducing them to sums of prior Keplerian Fourier coefficients, with numerical tests showing 10^{-5} total flux accuracy and sub-10^{-6} mode errors for selected cases.
A traceful radiation gauge plus two transport equations from the stress-energy tensor enable hierarchical metric reconstruction for generic sources in Petrov type D black hole spacetimes.
Hardening binaries experience deterministic self-acceleration of their center of mass, induced precession, and plane rotation in uniform isotropic media, driving outward spiraling and eccentricity growth in all cases rather than circularization.
Optimal placement of two stations in an isotropic Gaussian seismic field reduces equivalent seismic noise ASD by a factor of ~2.3 at 0.3 Hz versus a single station, producing oscillatory features from Bessel-function correlations.
No three-body encounter signatures detected in GW170817, GW190814, and GW230627_015337, constraining intermediate-mass black holes above 100 solar masses within roughly 0.1 AU of these binaries.
Massive black hole binary mergers produce orphaned low-frequency signals in PTA pulsar terms that can be stacked for archival multiband gravitational-wave detection.
GreyRing model based on greybody factors reproduces numerical relativity ringdown signals with mismatches of order 10^{-6} and enables a new post-merger consistency test of general relativity applied to GW250114.
High-resolution lunar simulations reveal up to tenfold amplification of deci-hertz gravitational-wave signals in thick-crust regions via mode coupling.
Moderately mitigated glitch streams induce negligible to minor biases (0.04–0.6σ) in EMRI parameters while weakly mitigated streams with higher-SNR events can reach ~1σ biases, making EMRI inference more robust than for MBHBs.
High-resolution MUSE observations of 30 Gaia multipeak targets confirm 19 AGN multiplets including 6 dual AGN, accounting for 22% of known close pairs below 7 kpc and showing the selection method's efficiency.
The work provides the first quantitative characterization of how spacecraft orbit uncertainties and velocity mismodeling propagate into LISA gravitational-wave response mismatches and parameter biases.
Periodic warm inflation imprints one log-periodic feature on the curvature spectrum that saturates asteroid-mass PBHs, generates dual-band GW backgrounds, and offsets the bispectrum phase by a quarter cycle fixed by spectral running.
Near-identity averaging transformations applied to osculating orbital elements reduce the computational cost of eccentric EOB inspirals by up to two orders of magnitude while maintaining accuracy for moderate to large eccentricities at NNLO.
Conditional normalizing flows perform likelihood-free parameter estimation for single and overlapping LISA galactic binaries, generating thousands of posterior samples per second after training on simulations.
SKAO timing of a handful of binary pulsars can reach unprecedented sensitivity to microhertz gravitational waves from inspiralling massive black hole binaries via resonant perturbations.
citing papers explorer
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Nonlinear growth and amplification of phase-transition gravitational waves induced by cosmic expansion
3D simulations in an expanding background show cosmic expansion drives nonlinear growth that amplifies gravitational-wave spectra from slow phase transitions by factors of 10 to 100.
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Wave-optics gravitational wave lensing in modified gravity
In a curvature-coupled propagation framework for modified gravity, gravitational-wave lensing in wave optics shows persistent infrared interactions that prevent the amplification factor from approaching unity at zero frequency, requiring an interacting Green function and partial-wave treatment.
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Effects of Solar Wind Plasma Noise on Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Searches with the LISA-Taiji Network
Solar wind plasma noise correlated between LISA and Taiji can bias stochastic gravitational wave background parameter estimates by up to 19% of Fisher uncertainty under large-scale correlation assumptions.
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Wave Optics Effects from Gravitational Wave Propagation Through Dark Matter Halos
Numerical simulations of plane gravitational waves through Gaussian, NFW and Burkert potentials show non-geodesic propagation for Gaussian profiles and wave convexity reversal for Burkert in strong gravity, with order-one deviations from scalar-wave predictions inside the lens.
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Quadrupole and quadratic-in-spin effects in quasicircular, spinning, asymmetric binaries
Calculates energy fluxes with quadratic-in-spin and quadrupole effects for small-mass-ratio spinning binaries in self-force theory, providing numerical data and sixth-order PN expansions.
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Gravitational wave scattering at $\mathcal{O}(G^4)$: Murua construction and elliptics
O(G^4) gravitational wave scattering amplitude computed in worldline QFT with Murua decomposition, matched to black hole perturbation theory to validate the formalism for Schwarzschild black holes.
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Accurate waveforms for generic planar-orbit binary black holes: The multipolar effective-one-body model SEOBNRv6EHM
SEOBNRv6EHM is a multipolar EOB model for eccentric planar-orbit BBHs calibrated to NR simulations, showing low waveform mismatches up to eccentricity 0.9.
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QPEs from Warped Disk Collisions with EMRIs: Brightness-Recurrence Diagram and Gravitational-Wave Follow-up
A warped-disk EMRI collision model reproduces QPE patterns in GSN 069 via a new Brightness-Recurrence Diagram and predicts possible LISA detection for a retrograde stellar-mass black hole secondary.
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Gravitational-wave Tomography of the Moon: Constraining Lunar Structure with Calibrated Gravitational Waves
A first-principles perturbative framework is developed to constrain the Moon's elastic parameters and density structure from seismic responses to calibrated gravitational waves, claiming an order-of-magnitude error reduction.
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Analytical Fluxes from Generic Schwarzschild Geodesics
An analytic Chebyshev-expansion method computes gravitational-wave fluxes from arbitrary-eccentricity Schwarzschild geodesics by reducing them to sums of prior Keplerian Fourier coefficients, with numerical tests showing 10^{-5} total flux accuracy and sub-10^{-6} mode errors for selected cases.
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Metric Reconstruction for Generic Black-Hole Perturbations
A traceful radiation gauge plus two transport equations from the stress-energy tensor enable hierarchical metric reconstruction for generic sources in Petrov type D black hole spacetimes.
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Self-acceleration of Hardening Binaries
Hardening binaries experience deterministic self-acceleration of their center of mass, induced precession, and plane rotation in uniform isotropic media, driving outward spiraling and eccentricity growth in all cases rather than circularization.
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Seismic background mitigation with the Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna
Optimal placement of two stations in an isotropic Gaussian seismic field reduces equivalent seismic noise ASD by a factor of ~2.3 at 0.3 Hz versus a single station, producing oscillatory features from Bessel-function correlations.
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How lonely are the Binary Compact Objects Detected by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration?
No three-body encounter signatures detected in GW170817, GW190814, and GW230627_015337, constraining intermediate-mass black holes above 100 solar masses within roughly 0.1 AU of these binaries.
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Archival Multiband Gravitational-Wave Signals from Massive Black Hole Binary Mergers
Massive black hole binary mergers produce orphaned low-frequency signals in PTA pulsar terms that can be stacked for archival multiband gravitational-wave detection.
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Novel ringdown tests of general relativity with black hole greybody factors
GreyRing model based on greybody factors reproduces numerical relativity ringdown signals with mismatches of order 10^{-6} and enables a new post-merger consistency test of general relativity applied to GW250114.
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Thick Lunar Crust Amplifies Deci-Hertz Gravitational-Wave Signal
High-resolution lunar simulations reveal up to tenfold amplification of deci-hertz gravitational-wave signals in thick-crust regions via mode coupling.
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First-time assessment of glitch-induced bias and uncertainty in inference of extreme mass ratio inspirals
Moderately mitigated glitch streams induce negligible to minor biases (0.04–0.6σ) in EMRI parameters while weakly mitigated streams with higher-SNR events can reach ~1σ biases, making EMRI inference more robust than for MBHBs.
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Cosmic Duets I. High-spatial resolution spectroscopy of dual and lensed AGN with MUSE-NFM
High-resolution MUSE observations of 30 Gaia multipeak targets confirm 19 AGN multiplets including 6 dual AGN, accounting for 22% of known close pairs below 7 kpc and showing the selection method's efficiency.
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Impact of Spacecraft Orbit Uncertainties and Velocity Mismodeling on the LISA Gravitational-Wave Response
The work provides the first quantitative characterization of how spacecraft orbit uncertainties and velocity mismodeling propagate into LISA gravitational-wave response mismatches and parameter biases.
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One Feature, Three Clocks: Phase-Locked Gravitational Waves, Primordial Black Holes, and Non-Gaussianity from Periodic Warm Inflation
Periodic warm inflation imprints one log-periodic feature on the curvature spectrum that saturates asteroid-mass PBHs, generates dual-band GW backgrounds, and offsets the bispectrum phase by a quarter cycle fixed by spectral running.
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Efficient Eccentric Effective-One-Body Dynamics via Near-Identity Averaging Transformations
Near-identity averaging transformations applied to osculating orbital elements reduce the computational cost of eccentric EOB inspirals by up to two orders of magnitude while maintaining accuracy for moderate to large eccentricities at NNLO.
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Neural posterior estimation of Galactic Binary signals for the LISA mission
Conditional normalizing flows perform likelihood-free parameter estimation for single and overlapping LISA galactic binaries, generating thousands of posterior samples per second after training on simulations.
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Unveiling the Microhertz Gravitational-Wave Sky with the Square Kilometre Array Observatory
SKAO timing of a handful of binary pulsars can reach unprecedented sensitivity to microhertz gravitational waves from inspiralling massive black hole binaries via resonant perturbations.
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Relativistic effects in extreme-mass-ratio inspirals within scalar clouds: Eccentric and inclined orbits
Extends relativistic EMRI calculations in scalar clouds from circular-equatorial to eccentric and inclined orbits around Schwarzschild black holes, revealing apsidal-precession resonances and inclination-dependent net energy transfer.
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Gas-induced perturbations on the gravitational wave in-spiral of live post-Newtonian LISA massive black hole binaries: 0.1 disk aspect ratio
3D hydro + 2.5PN simulations of an equal-mass 10^6 M_sun MBHB in a 0.1-aspect-ratio locally isothermal CBD measure a gas-induced orbital phase shift of 0.12 rad over 600 cycles, claimed detectable by LISA at z=1.
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Identification of Lensed Gravitational-Wave Beat Patterns by LISA
Strong lensing of MBHBs produces identifiable beat patterns in about 7% of detectable two-image LISA events, with Bayesian inference recovering time delay and magnification parameters.
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Gotta light? Illuminating AGN disks with LISA EMRIs
Bayesian analysis of LISA EMRIs in AGN disks constrains disk surface density and accretion rate to ~10% using relativistic torque models, invalidating Fisher-matrix forecasts and enabling dark-siren cosmology without EM counterparts.
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Rapid intermediate-mass black hole formation via runaway mergers of black holes
N-body simulations demonstrate runaway GW BBH mergers in dense BH clusters (≥5×10^9 M⊙/pc³) produce ~10³ M⊙ IMBHs within 10 Myr.
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The X-ray emission of the long-period transient and accreting cataclysmic variable ASKAP J174508.9-505149
X-ray timing and spectral analysis of ASKAP J174508.9-505149 detects matching periodicity and features consistent with an accreting magnetic CV.
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Self-force calculations with numerical relativity methods
A new numerical relativity-inspired method achieves exponential convergence for scalar self-force calculations in Kerr spacetime on circular equatorial orbits up to near-extremal spins and the ISCO.
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Pitching Cosmic Curveballs: Environmental Effects on Extreme-Mass-Ratio Inspirals with Spinning Secondaries
First framework for spin-coupled gas forces in EMRIs shows unique dephasing and breaks spin-inclination degeneracy in Fisher analysis.
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Recoil-regulated extreme mass-ratio inspirals in AGN disks
Recoil kicks and binary interactions in AGN disks suppress EMRI formation except in young systems, predicting LISA rates of 1-30 per year dominated by low-mass AGNs.
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Eccentric and unbound compact binaries in the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA catalog: parameter estimation and waveform systematics with SEOBNRv6EHM
SEOBNRv6EHM reduces parameter biases for eccentric binaries versus prior models and shows mild support for eccentricity in five catalog events plus comparable unbound fits for three high-mass events.
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N-body next-to-leading order gravitational spin-orbit interaction via effective field theory
The NLO gravitational spin-orbit Hamiltonian for N spinning bodies is computed via PN-EFT, with only three-body diagrams new beyond the binary case, and the result matches the known ADM Hamiltonian up to canonical transformation.
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Inpainting over the cracks: challenges of applying pre-merger searches for massive black hole binaries to realistic LISA datasets
Inpainting allows recovery of pre-merger massive black hole binary signals in LISA data despite gaps and overlaps.
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Efficient and Stable Computation of Gravitational-Wave Fluxes from Generic Kerr Orbits via a Unified HeunC Framework
A HeunC framework computes gravitational-wave fluxes from generic Kerr orbits with 10^{-11} relative errors and speedups of 3-60x over prior packages by eliminating auxiliary parameters via analytic continuation and adaptive quadrature.
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Resonances as signatures of scalar clouds in eccentric extreme-mass-ratio inspirals
Eccentric EMRIs exhibit relativistic resonances in scalar fluxes that enhance interactions with scalar clouds and amplify waveform dephasing relative to circular orbits.
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Fast neural network surrogate for multimodal effective-one-body gravitational waveforms from generically precessing compact binaries
Neural network surrogate approximates precessing compact binary gravitational waveforms up to 1000x faster than the base EOB model with validated accuracy.
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Relativistic signatures of scalar dark matter in extreme-mass-ratio inspirals
Relativistic metric backreaction from scalar dark matter clouds in EMRIs produces dominant polar gravitational wave corrections for Mμ ≲ 0.12, exceeding axial and scalar radiation channels at small separations.
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FluxMC: Rapid and High-Fidelity Inference for Space-Based Gravitational-Wave Observations
FluxMC integrates flow matching with parallel tempering MCMC to converge in under five hours on high-fidelity IMRPhenomHM waveforms for massive black hole binaries, where standard methods fail after hundreds of hours and produce two to three orders of magnitude higher distributional error.
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Smoluchowski Coagulation Equation and the Evolution of Primordial Black Hole Clusters
Monte Carlo solutions of the Smoluchowski equation for PBH clusters yield finite runaway timescales and evolving mass distributions that form high-redshift SMBHs, shortened further by mass segregation.
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Inferring the population properties of galactic binaries from LISA's stochastic foreground
A neural posterior estimator trained on simulated LISA foreground spectra recovers galactic binary population parameters, including total number, with good accuracy in validation tests.
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Excitation factors for horizonless compact objects: long-lived modes, echoes, and greybody factors
Excitation factors of long-lived quasinormal modes in horizonless compact objects scale with their small imaginary frequency, suppressing early contributions and producing a hierarchy where prompt ringdown uses ordinary modes and late echoes use cavity modes.
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Scalar fields around black hole binaries in LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA
Semi-analytic waveform model for scalar environments around black hole binaries is validated against numerical relativity and applied to LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA data to obtain upper limits on scalar densities with tentative evidence in GW190728.
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Post-adiabatic self-force waveforms: slowly spinning primary and precessing secondary
Extended 1PA self-force waveforms for slowly spinning primary and precessing secondary, with re-summed 1PAT1R variant showing improved accuracy against NR for q ≳ 5 and |χ1| ≲ 0.1.
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Handling Data Gaps for the Next Generation of Gravitational-Wave Observatories
Presents an efficient time-frequency Bayesian gap-filling technique that avoids costly matrix operations and integrates into LISA Global Fit, demonstrated on simulated LISA data.
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GW231123: A Possible Primordial Black Hole Origin
GW231123's masses and high spins are consistent with primordial black holes that accreted mass and angular momentum in the early universe within the standard PBH framework.
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Impact of $H_0$ on gravitational wave propagation: prospects for the LISA mission
The Hubble parameter produces a frequency-independent angular enhancement in LISA timing residuals above 100 mHz, potentially enabling a percent-level H0 measurement without standard sirens.
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Dynamics of Relativistic Binaries in Structured and Stochastic Environments: A Lagrange-Fourier-Hansen Framework
A new framework projects perturbations onto resonant frequencies via Hansen coefficients to produce efficient coupled ODEs for orbital elements in GW-driven relativistic binaries, demonstrated on tidal fields and accretion disks.