The first informative astrophysical calibration of gravitational-wave detectors is reported using GW240925 and GW250207.
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GWTC-4.0: An Introduction to Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
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abstract
The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of short-duration (transient) gravitational wave signals identified by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration in gravitational-wave data produced by the eponymous detectors. The catalog provides information about the identified candidates, such as the arrival time and amplitude of the signal and properties of the signal's source as inferred from the observational data. GWTC is the data release of this dataset and version 4.0 extends the catalog to include observations made during the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run up until 2024 January 31. This paper marks an introduction to a collection of articles related to this version of the catalog, GWTC-4.0. The collection of articles accompanying the catalog provides documentation of the methods used to analyze the data, summaries of the catalog of events, observational measurements drawn from the population, and detailed discussions of selected candidates
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representative citing papers
Dingo-Pop uses a transformer to perform amortized, end-to-end population inference from GW strain data in seconds, bypassing per-event Monte Carlo sampling.
A general relativistic derivation of gravitational wave response in an optically levitated cavity sensor reveals position-dependent strain sensitivity and suppressed input-mirror noise coupling.
Presents a practical fully time-domain end-to-end likelihood for gravitational-wave inference with structured linear algebra and GPU acceleration.
Ratio-Filter Dechirping converts gravitational-wave matched filtering from a memory-bound FFT into a cache-efficient FIR convolution, delivering a measured 8x speedup in the core loop.
Numerical simulations of collapsing scalarized neutron stars show scalar radiation energy of order 10^{-3} solar masses, orders of magnitude above the tensor quadrupolar emission, potentially observable to test modified gravity.
A vertical long-wire suspended gradiometer configuration amplifies gravitational wave signals from order h to order h L/D by separating gravitational force from moment of inertia.
Maximum-likelihood-based posterior predictive checks detect model misspecification better than event-level versions for uncertain spin tilts, but current detector sensitivity limits their power; the Gaussian Component Spins model underpredicts high spin magnitudes and overpredicts anti-aligned tilts
Simulations show a 40-50 solar-mass black-hole cutoff is not guaranteed to be confidently recovered from GWTC-4-like catalogs, spurious detections are unlikely, and O4 data would reduce cutoff-mass uncertainty by at least 20 percent while yielding only a lower bound on the carbon-alpha reaction rate
GW250114 data confirm the remnant is consistent with a Kerr black hole and bound the dominant quadrupolar mode frequency to within a few percent of the GR prediction, with constraints tighter than prior multi-event catalogs.
Spectral-siren H0 constraints from GWTC-4.0 binary black holes remain robust when the mass spectrum is permitted to evolve with redshift at current detector sensitivity.
LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA O4a data yields the strongest constraints on primordial black hole abundance for 0.6-100 solar masses, with resolvable mergers dominating the limits and no compelling evidence for a PBH contribution in joint fits with astrophysical black holes.
Machine learning extracts core rotation and signal properties from CCSN gravitational waves, with next-generation detectors constraining rotation beyond 100 kpc for favorable orientations despite some uncertainties.
Thermal aberrations induce low-pass frequency dynamics for quadratic wavefront mismatches and high-pass dynamics for higher-order aberrations, degrading squeezed states differently in current versus future gravitational wave detectors.
Black holes with resonant hair spontaneously break spherical symmetry and decay into bald black holes via non-spherical dynamics, either through fission or absorption.
Lorentzian-Euclidean black holes produce excess inner-shadow intensity and accumulate energy at the horizon with backreaction unlike stable light rings.
DCL-xLSTM neural network detects lensed GW events with AUC over 0.99 using training on PM and SIS lens models in the millihertz band.
Neural post-Einsteinian analysis of GWTC-3 finds no GR violation and sets constraints covering both post-Newtonian and beyond-post-Newtonian deviations in a single theory-agnostic setup.
Using HBI on GWTC-4 data the authors compute lensed SGWBs for ABHs and PBHs and conclude that LIGO and ET can distinguish the two formation channels in specific frequency ranges, with ET offering broader coverage.
Population-informed hierarchical parameter estimation is required for unbiased astrophysical interpretation of gravitational-wave events rather than using standard individual posteriors with reference priors.
VIGILant applies tree-based models and a ResNet CNN to classify Virgo O3b glitches with 98% accuracy and has been deployed for daily use with an interactive dashboard.
KAGRA enhances sky localization of binary neutron star mergers in the LVK network via added baselines, with measurable gains at current sensitivity and larger improvements as range reaches ~30 Mpc.
Five O4 gravitational-wave events prefer dynamical cluster formation; typical recoil kicks eject remnants from globular clusters but allow possible retention in nuclear star clusters, disfavoring efficient hierarchical growth in globular clusters.
The high mass and high spin magnitudes inferred for GW231123 using NRSur7dq4 are robust to waveform systematics and Gaussian noise.
citing papers explorer
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GW240925 and GW250207: Astrophysical Calibration of Gravitational-wave Detectors
The first informative astrophysical calibration of gravitational-wave detectors is reported using GW240925 and GW250207.
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End-to-End Population Inference from Gravitational-Wave Strain using Transformers
Dingo-Pop uses a transformer to perform amortized, end-to-end population inference from GW strain data in seconds, bypassing per-event Monte Carlo sampling.
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Gravitational wave signal and noise response of an optically levitated sensor in a Fabry-P\'erot cavity
A general relativistic derivation of gravitational wave response in an optically levitated cavity sensor reveals position-dependent strain sensitivity and suppressed input-mirror noise coupling.
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Accelerated Time-domain Analysis for Gravitational Wave Astronomy
Presents a practical fully time-domain end-to-end likelihood for gravitational-wave inference with structured linear algebra and GPU acceleration.
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Beyond FINDCHIRP: Breaking the memory wall and optimal FFTs for Gravitational-Wave Matched-Filter Searches with Ratio-Filter Dechirping
Ratio-Filter Dechirping converts gravitational-wave matched filtering from a memory-bound FFT into a cache-efficient FIR convolution, delivering a measured 8x speedup in the core loop.
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Rapidly Rotating Neutron Star Collapse in Massive Scalar-Tensor Theories
Numerical simulations of collapsing scalarized neutron stars show scalar radiation energy of order 10^{-3} solar masses, orders of magnitude above the tensor quadrupolar emission, potentially observable to test modified gravity.
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Mechanical Long Baseline Differential Gradiometers as Low Frequency Gravitational Wave Detectors
A vertical long-wire suspended gradiometer configuration amplifies gravitational wave signals from order h to order h L/D by separating gravitational force from moment of inertia.
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Posterior Predictive Checks for Gravitational-wave Populations: Limitations and Improvements
Maximum-likelihood-based posterior predictive checks detect model misspecification better than event-level versions for uncertain spin tilts, but current detector sensitivity limits their power; the Gaussian Component Spins model underpredicts high spin magnitudes and overpredicts anti-aligned tilts
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Measurement prospects for the pair-instability mass cutoff with gravitational waves
Simulations show a 40-50 solar-mass black-hole cutoff is not guaranteed to be confidently recovered from GWTC-4-like catalogs, spurious detections are unlikely, and O4 data would reduce cutoff-mass uncertainty by at least 20 percent while yielding only a lower bound on the carbon-alpha reaction rate
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Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114
GW250114 data confirm the remnant is consistent with a Kerr black hole and bound the dominant quadrupolar mode frequency to within a few percent of the GR prediction, with constraints tighter than prior multi-event catalogs.
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Gravitational-wave constraints on $H_0$ are robust to (putative) redshift evolution in the binary black hole mass spectrum at current sensitivity
Spectral-siren H0 constraints from GWTC-4.0 binary black holes remain robust when the mass spectrum is permitted to evolve with redshift at current detector sensitivity.
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Constraints on primordial black holes from the first part of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA fourth observing run
LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA O4a data yields the strongest constraints on primordial black hole abundance for 0.6-100 solar masses, with resolvable mergers dominating the limits and no compelling evidence for a PBH contribution in joint fits with astrophysical black holes.
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Parameter Estimation Horizon of Core-Collapse Supernovae with Current and Next-Generation Gravitational-Wave Detectors
Machine learning extracts core rotation and signal properties from CCSN gravitational waves, with next-generation detectors constraining rotation beyond 100 kpc for favorable orientations despite some uncertainties.
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Squeezed state degradations due to mode mismatch and thermal aberrations in gravitational wave detectors
Thermal aberrations induce low-pass frequency dynamics for quadratic wavefront mismatches and high-pass dynamics for higher-order aberrations, degrading squeezed states differently in current versus future gravitational wave detectors.
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Spontaneous spherical symmetry breaking of black holes with resonant hair
Black holes with resonant hair spontaneously break spherical symmetry and decay into bald black holes via non-spherical dynamics, either through fission or absorption.
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Shadow signatures and energy accumulation in Lorentzian-Euclidean black holes
Lorentzian-Euclidean black holes produce excess inner-shadow intensity and accumulate energy at the horizon with backreaction unlike stable light rings.
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Detection of Lensed Gravitational Waves in the Millihertz Band Using Frequency-Domain Lensing Feature Extraction Network
DCL-xLSTM neural network detects lensed GW events with AUC over 0.99 using training on PM and SIS lens models in the millihertz band.
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Neural Post-Einsteinian Test of General Relativity with the Third Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
Neural post-Einsteinian analysis of GWTC-3 finds no GR violation and sets constraints covering both post-Newtonian and beyond-post-Newtonian deviations in a single theory-agnostic setup.
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Effects of formation channels and gravitational lensing on stochastic gravitational wave background
Using HBI on GWTC-4 data the authors compute lensed SGWBs for ABHs and PBHs and conclude that LIGO and ET can distinguish the two formation channels in specific frequency ranges, with ET offering broader coverage.
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Gravitational-wave astronomy requires population-informed parameter estimation
Population-informed hierarchical parameter estimation is required for unbiased astrophysical interpretation of gravitational-wave events rather than using standard individual posteriors with reference priors.
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VIGILant: an automatic classification pipeline for glitches in the Virgo detector
VIGILant applies tree-based models and a ResNet CNN to classify Virgo O3b glitches with 98% accuracy and has been deployed for daily use with an interactive dashboard.
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Investigating the effect of sensitivity of KAGRA on sky localization of gravitational-wave sources from compact binary coalescences
KAGRA enhances sky localization of binary neutron star mergers in the LVK network via added baselines, with measurable gains at current sensitivity and larger improvements as range reaches ~30 Mpc.
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Remnant recoil and host environments of GWTC-4.0 binary black-hole mergers
Five O4 gravitational-wave events prefer dynamical cluster formation; typical recoil kicks eject remnants from globular clusters but allow possible retention in nuclear star clusters, disfavoring efficient hierarchical growth in globular clusters.
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The impact of waveform systematics and Gaussian noise on the interpretation of GW231123
The high mass and high spin magnitudes inferred for GW231123 using NRSur7dq4 are robust to waveform systematics and Gaussian noise.
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PRECESSION 2.1: black-hole binary spin precession on eccentric orbits
Version 2.1 of the precession code extends post-Newtonian modeling of spinning black-hole binaries to eccentric orbits via a decorator-based adaptation and new evolutionary equations.
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GstLAL O4 Online Results Paper
GstLAL produced low-latency alerts for 250 astrophysically plausible gravitational-wave candidates during O4, providing the first upload for 222 and the sole upload for 75, with 88 percent of significant catalog events detected and 93 percent classification agreement.
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Similar Fermi-GBM sGRBs to GW/sGRB 170817A in MeV-GeV energies
Identifies eight Fermi-GBM sGRBs similar to 170817A via hardness-ratio K-means clustering and estimates ~5 GW+sGRB events by end of O4.
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Residual Test for the Third Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
Residuals after subtracting best-fit waveforms from GWTC-3 events show no significant deviation from noise according to three standard goodness-of-fit tests.
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Love numbers of black holes and compact objects
A pedagogical review of Love numbers and tidal responses for black holes and compact objects in general relativity and extensions.
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The Early Career Workshop of GR-Amaldi 2025
The paper reports on the aims, activities, and conclusions of an early-career workshop focused on scientific overviews, transferable skills, and networking in gravitational physics.
- Eccentric Stellar-mass Binary Black Holes: Population, Detectability, and Waveform Analysis in the LISA and LIGO Era