EVE enables verifiable self-evolution of MLLMs by using a Challenger-Solver architecture to generate dynamic executable visual transformations that produce VQA problems with absolute execution-verified ground truth.
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DeepEyesV2: Toward Agentic Multimodal Model
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abstract
Agentic multimodal models should not only comprehend text and images, but also actively invoke external tools, such as code execution environments and web search, and integrate these operations into reasoning. In this work, we introduce DeepEyesV2 and explore how to build an agentic multimodal model from the perspectives of data construction, training methods, and model evaluation. We observe that direct reinforcement learning alone fails to induce robust tool-use behavior. This phenomenon motivates a two-stage training pipeline: a cold-start stage to establish tool-use patterns, and reinforcement learning stage to further refine tool invocation. We curate a diverse, moderately challenging training dataset, specifically including examples where tool use is beneficial. We further introduce RealX-Bench, a comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate real-world multimodal reasoning, which inherently requires the integration of multiple capabilities, including perception, search, and reasoning. We evaluate DeepEyesV2 on RealX-Bench and other representative benchmarks, demonstrating its effectiveness across real-world understanding, mathematical reasoning, and search-intensive tasks. Moreover, DeepEyesV2 exhibits task-adaptive tool invocation, tending to use image operations for perception tasks and numerical computations for reasoning tasks. Reinforcement learning further enables complex tool combinations and allows model to selectively invoke tools based on context. We hope our study can provide guidance for community in developing agentic multimodal models.
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representative citing papers
A decoupled question-conditioned image editor trained via supervised imitation then VLM-reward enhancement improves MLLM visual reasoning Pass@1 by 4.6-5.5 points across models and tasks.
AutoTool uses reinforcement learning with dual-mode rewards to train multimodal LLMs to adaptively choose between tool-assisted and text-centric reasoning, yielding accuracy and efficiency gains on V* and POPE benchmarks.
V-ABS is an action-observer beam search method with entropy-based adaptive weighting and an 80k-sample SFT dataset that delivers 19.7% average gains on visual reasoning tasks for MLLMs.
TableVision benchmark shows explicit spatial grounding recovers MLLM reasoning on hierarchical tables, delivering 12.3% accuracy improvement through a decoupled perception-reasoning framework.
DMLR performs dynamic visual-textual interleaving in latent space using confidence-guided latent policy gradient optimization and a dynamic visual injection strategy, yielding improved multimodal reasoning on benchmarks.
WorldSense provides the first benchmark requiring synergistic audio-video-text understanding on 1,662 real-world videos and 3,172 QA pairs, where the best current multimodal LLM reaches only 65.1% accuracy.
Maestro uses outcome-based RL to train a lightweight policy that orchestrates ensembles of frozen expert models and skills, reporting 70.1% average accuracy across ten multimodal benchmarks and outperforming GPT-5 and Gemini-2.5-Pro while generalizing to unseen components.
VideoSeeker integrates agentic reasoning and visual prompts into LVLMs via automated data synthesis, cold-start supervision, and RL training, yielding +13.7% gains on instance-level video tasks over baselines including GPT-4o.
ToolCUA introduces a trajectory scaling pipeline and staged RL to optimize GUI-tool switching, reaching 46.85% accuracy on OSWorld-MCP for a 66% relative gain over baseline.
DR-MMSearchAgent derives batch-wide trajectory advantages and uses differentiated Gaussian rewards to prevent premature collapse in multimodal agents, outperforming MMSearch-R1 by 8.4% on FVQA-test.
POINTS-Seeker-8B is an 8B multimodal model trained from scratch for agentic search that uses seeding and visual-space history folding to outperform prior models on six visual reasoning benchmarks.
LMM-Searcher uses file-based visual UIDs and a fetch tool plus 12K synthesized trajectories to fine-tune a multimodal agent that scales to 100-turn horizons and reaches SOTA among open-source models on MM-BrowseComp and MMSearch-Plus.
AnomalyAgent uses tool-augmented reinforcement learning with self-reflection to generate realistic industrial anomalies, achieving better metrics than zero-shot methods on MVTec-AD.
MAPO improves multimodal chain-of-thought reasoning by requiring explicit textual descriptions of visual tool results and using a novel advantage estimator that combines semantic alignment with task rewards.
CharTool equips MLLMs with cropping and code tools plus agentic RL on DuoChart data to raise chart-reasoning accuracy by up to 9.78 percent on benchmarks.
AgentIAD introduces an agentic VLM with Perceptive Zoomer, Web Searcher, and Comparative Retriever tools plus two-stage SFT-then-RL training, achieving 5.92% higher classification accuracy than prior SOTA on the MMAD benchmark.
Generation-to-Understanding synergy lets multimodal models create self-generated visual edits as intermediate steps, improving performance on twelve benchmarks while revealing limits in task-aligned self-reflection.
PFlowNet decouples perception from reasoning, integrates multi-dimensional rewards with vicinal geometric shaping via variational RL, and reports new SOTA results on V* Bench (90.6%) and MME-RealWorld-lite (67.0%).
A framework with similarity-based visual token compression, dynamic attention rebalancing, and explicit inductive-deductive chain-of-thought improves multimodal ICL performance across eight benchmarks for open-source VLMs.
SFI-Bench shows current multimodal LLMs struggle to integrate spatial memory with functional reasoning and external knowledge in video tasks.
SAKE is an agentic framework for GMNER that uses uncertainty-based self-awareness and reinforcement learning to balance internal knowledge exploitation with adaptive external exploration.
Q-DeepSight proposes a think-with-image multimodal CoT framework trained via RL with perceptual curriculum rewards and evidence gradient filtering to achieve SOTA IQA performance and enable training-free perceptual refinement in image generation.
HDPO reframes tool efficiency as a conditional objective within accurate trajectories, enabling Metis to reduce tool invocations by orders of magnitude while raising reasoning accuracy.
citing papers explorer
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EVE: Verifiable Self-Evolution of MLLMs via Executable Visual Transformations
EVE enables verifiable self-evolution of MLLMs by using a Challenger-Solver architecture to generate dynamic executable visual transformations that produce VQA problems with absolute execution-verified ground truth.
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ETCHR: Editing To Clarify and Harness Reasoning
A decoupled question-conditioned image editor trained via supervised imitation then VLM-reward enhancement improves MLLM visual reasoning Pass@1 by 4.6-5.5 points across models and tasks.
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Are Tools Always Beneficial? Learning to Invoke Tools Adaptively for Dual-Mode Multimodal LLM Reasoning
AutoTool uses reinforcement learning with dual-mode rewards to train multimodal LLMs to adaptively choose between tool-assisted and text-centric reasoning, yielding accuracy and efficiency gains on V* and POPE benchmarks.
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V-ABS: Action-Observer Driven Beam Search for Dynamic Visual Reasoning
V-ABS is an action-observer beam search method with entropy-based adaptive weighting and an 80k-sample SFT dataset that delivers 19.7% average gains on visual reasoning tasks for MLLMs.
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TableVision: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Spatially Grounded Reasoning over Complex Hierarchical Tables
TableVision benchmark shows explicit spatial grounding recovers MLLM reasoning on hierarchical tables, delivering 12.3% accuracy improvement through a decoupled perception-reasoning framework.
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Reasoning Within the Mind: Dynamic Multimodal Interleaving in Latent Space
DMLR performs dynamic visual-textual interleaving in latent space using confidence-guided latent policy gradient optimization and a dynamic visual injection strategy, yielding improved multimodal reasoning on benchmarks.
-
WorldSense: Evaluating Real-world Omnimodal Understanding for Multimodal LLMs
WorldSense provides the first benchmark requiring synergistic audio-video-text understanding on 1,662 real-world videos and 3,172 QA pairs, where the best current multimodal LLM reaches only 65.1% accuracy.
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Maestro: Reinforcement Learning to Orchestrate Hierarchical Model-Skill Ensembles
Maestro uses outcome-based RL to train a lightweight policy that orchestrates ensembles of frozen expert models and skills, reporting 70.1% average accuracy across ten multimodal benchmarks and outperforming GPT-5 and Gemini-2.5-Pro while generalizing to unseen components.
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VideoSeeker: Incentivizing Instance-level Video Understanding via Native Agentic Tool Invocation
VideoSeeker integrates agentic reasoning and visual prompts into LVLMs via automated data synthesis, cold-start supervision, and RL training, yielding +13.7% gains on instance-level video tasks over baselines including GPT-4o.
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ToolCUA: Towards Optimal GUI-Tool Path Orchestration for Computer Use Agents
ToolCUA introduces a trajectory scaling pipeline and staged RL to optimize GUI-tool switching, reaching 46.85% accuracy on OSWorld-MCP for a 66% relative gain over baseline.
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DR-MMSearchAgent: Deepening Reasoning in Multimodal Search Agents
DR-MMSearchAgent derives batch-wide trajectory advantages and uses differentiated Gaussian rewards to prevent premature collapse in multimodal agents, outperforming MMSearch-R1 by 8.4% on FVQA-test.
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POINTS-Seeker: Towards Training a Multimodal Agentic Search Model from Scratch
POINTS-Seeker-8B is an 8B multimodal model trained from scratch for agentic search that uses seeding and visual-space history folding to outperform prior models on six visual reasoning benchmarks.
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Towards Long-horizon Agentic Multimodal Search
LMM-Searcher uses file-based visual UIDs and a fetch tool plus 12K synthesized trajectories to fine-tune a multimodal agent that scales to 100-turn horizons and reaches SOTA among open-source models on MM-BrowseComp and MMSearch-Plus.
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AnomalyAgent: Agentic Industrial Anomaly Synthesis via Tool-Augmented Reinforcement Learning
AnomalyAgent uses tool-augmented reinforcement learning with self-reflection to generate realistic industrial anomalies, achieving better metrics than zero-shot methods on MVTec-AD.
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Walk the Talk: Bridging the Reasoning-Action Gap for Thinking with Images via Multimodal Agentic Policy Optimization
MAPO improves multimodal chain-of-thought reasoning by requiring explicit textual descriptions of visual tool results and using a novel advantage estimator that combines semantic alignment with task rewards.
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CharTool: Tool-Integrated Visual Reasoning for Chart Understanding
CharTool equips MLLMs with cropping and code tools plus agentic RL on DuoChart data to raise chart-reasoning accuracy by up to 9.78 percent on benchmarks.
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AgentIAD: Agentic Industrial Anomaly Detection via Adaptive Memory Augmentation
AgentIAD introduces an agentic VLM with Perceptive Zoomer, Web Searcher, and Comparative Retriever tools plus two-stage SFT-then-RL training, achieving 5.92% higher classification accuracy than prior SOTA on the MMAD benchmark.
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Reversing the Flow: Generation-to-Understanding Synergy in Large Multimodal Models
Generation-to-Understanding synergy lets multimodal models create self-generated visual edits as intermediate steps, improving performance on twelve benchmarks while revealing limits in task-aligned self-reflection.
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Perceptual Flow Network for Visually Grounded Reasoning
PFlowNet decouples perception from reasoning, integrates multi-dimensional rewards with vicinal geometric shaping via variational RL, and reports new SOTA results on V* Bench (90.6%) and MME-RealWorld-lite (67.0%).
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Enhancing Multimodal In-Context Learning via Inductive-Deductive Reasoning
A framework with similarity-based visual token compression, dynamic attention rebalancing, and explicit inductive-deductive chain-of-thought improves multimodal ICL performance across eight benchmarks for open-source VLMs.
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From Where Things Are to What They Are For: Benchmarking Spatial-Functional Intelligence in Multimodal LLMs
SFI-Bench shows current multimodal LLMs struggle to integrate spatial memory with functional reasoning and external knowledge in video tasks.
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SAKE: Self-aware Knowledge Exploitation-Exploration for Grounded Multimodal Named Entity Recognition
SAKE is an agentic framework for GMNER that uses uncertainty-based self-awareness and reinforcement learning to balance internal knowledge exploitation with adaptive external exploration.
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Q-DeepSight: Incentivizing Thinking with Images for Image Quality Assessment and Refinement
Q-DeepSight proposes a think-with-image multimodal CoT framework trained via RL with perceptual curriculum rewards and evidence gradient filtering to achieve SOTA IQA performance and enable training-free perceptual refinement in image generation.
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Act Wisely: Cultivating Meta-Cognitive Tool Use in Agentic Multimodal Models
HDPO reframes tool efficiency as a conditional objective within accurate trajectories, enabling Metis to reduce tool invocations by orders of magnitude while raising reasoning accuracy.
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OpenVLThinkerV2: A Generalist Multimodal Reasoning Model for Multi-domain Visual Tasks
OpenVLThinkerV2 applies a new Gaussian GRPO training objective with response and entropy shaping to outperform prior open-source and proprietary models on 18 visual reasoning benchmarks.
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MedXIAOHE: A Comprehensive Recipe for Building Medical MLLMs
MedXIAOHE is a medical MLLM that claims state-of-the-art benchmark performance through specialized pretraining to cover long-tail diseases and RL-based reasoning training.
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