Gravitational memory from hairy binary black hole mergers in scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity differs from GR by a few percent due to altered nonlinear dynamics, with direct scalar contributions suppressed, and including memory increases GR-sGB mismatch by more than an order of magnitude.
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Lectures on the Infrared Structure of Gravity and Gauge Theory
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abstract
This is a redacted transcript of a course given by the author at Harvard in spring semester 2016. It contains a pedagogical overview of recent developments connecting the subjects of soft theorems, the memory effect and asymptotic symmetries in four-dimensional QED, nonabelian gauge theory and gravity with applications to black holes. The lectures may be viewed online at https://goo.gl/3DJdOr. Please send typos or corrections to strominger@physics.harvard.edu.
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Introduces asymptotically-FLRW3 spacetimes whose asymptotic symmetry group is the one-parameter family BMS3^k, fully characterizes the scalar-field solution space, identifies covariant mass/angular-momentum aspects and news via vacuum orbits, and exhibits exactly conserved non-linear Newman-Penrose
Soft-haired Kerr black holes show rotated, dilated, drifting images and an image memory effect when soft hair changes via waves, with the effect scaling with the large black hole's mass and spin.
The asymptotic charges of the Curtright dual graviton in D=5 split into scalar, vector, and TT sectors that close into an abelian extension of a BMS-like algebra when the vector parameter is restricted to o(4).
Rigorous derivation shows the physical gauge group of Yang-Mills theory is G^I / G^∞_0 for Abelian and non-Abelian cases, following from instantaneous state space structure, with extensions to Yang-Mills-Higgs distinguishing unbroken and broken phases.
Stochastic gravitational waves induce 1-loop freeze-in production of fermionic dark matter via in-in formalism, potentially explaining the observed abundance more efficiently than conventional mechanisms.
In Ricci-coupled scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, the change in scalar charge during binary black hole mergers generates a scalar memory contribution that modifies the total memory signal on observable timescales.
A free-field 2d CFT realization of the chiral bms4 algebra is constructed, with vertex operators for graviton and scalar primaries whose OPEs exactly reproduce those from conformal gravity MHV amplitudes.
The n-particle gluon radiation spectrum in shockwave scattering is a generalized Susskind-Glogower squeezed coherent state, and multi-graviton radiation follows similarly via double copy, with feasible large squeezing parameters ~ln(n_bar) leading to enhanced quantum noise in gravitational wave sp
An Unruh-DeWitt detector interacting with a position-superposed BTZ black hole produces outcome probabilities containing a nonclassical contribution that distinguishes quantum superposition from classical mixtures, arising from singularities in the probed spectrum.
Derives finite-energy hard celestial current algebra and its one-cocycle from the BMS dipole Ward identity, mapping the hard-hard residue to a two-particle primary module via Plancherel transform.
Finite Carrollian black-hole thermodynamics arises as a double-scaled low-temperature large-N ensemble in AdS/CFT, with the boundary Brown-York stress tensor reproducing the contracted bulk Hamiltonian and first law.
Celestial OPEs require shadow-basis exchanges of the same bulk particles for consistency, with coefficients fixed by a universal shadow factor.
Recovers Minkowski massless integer-spin solution space as smooth limit of AdS solution space for even dimensions via cosmological-constant expansion of source and vev.
The authors define a locality condition for hard-mode states during inflation that unifies local effective dynamics for soft modes, suppression of loop corrections, generalized soft theorems, and absence of infrared divergences in observable correlators.
Authors define proper observables and Goldstone probes on the Ashtekar-Streubel phase space at null infinity, showing supertranslation charges act correctly on shear and deriving distributional Dirac brackets with non-local corrections.
Loop-level Carrollian amplitudes in N=4 SYM and N=8 supergravity are differential operators on tree-level versions, with logarithmic eikonal behavior and IR-safe factorization via natural splitting.
A path integral with asymptotic boundary conditions produces the gravitational S-matrix and derives soft graviton theorems from extended BMS symmetry Ward identities.
A proposed definition of asymptotically flat spacetimes enables proofs of antipodal matching conditions at spatial infinity for dual mass, shear tails, and peeling, expressed as boundary conservation laws.
A framework using scale separation in the Isaacson description defines observable gravitational memory rise for compact binary coalescences, providing a basis for hypothesis testing in LISA data.
The soft sector phase space of asymptotically flat gravity equals the phase space of radial size fluctuations of a finite causal diamond in flat spacetime.
The Kerr-Schild and twistorial double copies are equivalent for self-dual vacuum Kerr-Schild spacetimes.
Proposes a superconducting readout protocol that uses acceleration-induced electric fields in conductors to imprint and detect electromagnetic memory phase shifts.
Authors construct canonical and path-integral quantizations for QFT in Klein space using extra modes, deriving correlation functions that match Minkowski space via analytical continuation.
citing papers explorer
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Gravitational Memory from Hairy Binary Black Hole Mergers
Gravitational memory from hairy binary black hole mergers in scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity differs from GR by a few percent due to altered nonlinear dynamics, with direct scalar contributions suppressed, and including memory increases GR-sGB mismatch by more than an order of magnitude.
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Asymptotically-FLRW$_3$ spacetimes
Introduces asymptotically-FLRW3 spacetimes whose asymptotic symmetry group is the one-parameter family BMS3^k, fully characterizes the scalar-field solution space, identifies covariant mass/angular-momentum aspects and news via vacuum orbits, and exhibits exactly conserved non-linear Newman-Penrose
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Shaving off soft hairs and the black hole image memory effect
Soft-haired Kerr black holes show rotated, dilated, drifting images and an image memory effect when soft hair changes via waves, with the effect scaling with the large black hole's mass and spin.
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The asymptotic charges of Curtright dual graviton and Curtright extensions of BMS algebra
The asymptotic charges of the Curtright dual graviton in D=5 split into scalar, vector, and TT sectors that close into an abelian extension of a BMS-like algebra when the vector parameter is restricted to o(4).
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Global Gauge Symmetries and Spatial Asymptotic Boundary Conditions in Yang-Mills theory
Rigorous derivation shows the physical gauge group of Yang-Mills theory is G^I / G^∞_0 for Abelian and non-Abelian cases, following from instantaneous state space structure, with extensions to Yang-Mills-Higgs distinguishing unbroken and broken phases.
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Gravitational Wave-Induced Freeze-In of Fermionic Dark Matter
Stochastic gravitational waves induce 1-loop freeze-in production of fermionic dark matter via in-in formalism, potentially explaining the observed abundance more efficiently than conventional mechanisms.
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Celestial dual of conformal gravity MHV amplitudes: an OPE analysis
A free-field 2d CFT realization of the chiral bms4 algebra is constructed, with vertex operators for graviton and scalar primaries whose OPEs exactly reproduce those from conformal gravity MHV amplitudes.
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Squeezed-state radiation in shockwave scattering: QCD-Gravity double copy
The n-particle gluon radiation spectrum in shockwave scattering is a generalized Susskind-Glogower squeezed coherent state, and multi-graviton radiation follows similarly via double copy, with feasible large squeezing parameters ~ln(n_bar) leading to enhanced quantum noise in gravitational wave sp
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Particle detector in a position-superposed black hole spacetime
An Unruh-DeWitt detector interacting with a position-superposed BTZ black hole produces outcome probabilities containing a nonclassical contribution that distinguishes quantum superposition from classical mixtures, arising from singularities in the probed spectrum.
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Finite-energy hard celestial current algebra from the Banerjee--Mandal--Sahoo dipole Ward identity in QED
Derives finite-energy hard celestial current algebra and its one-cocycle from the BMS dipole Ward identity, mapping the hard-hard residue to a two-particle primary module via Plancherel transform.
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Large-$N$ Carrollian Thermodynamics from AdS Black-Hole Phase-Space Contractions
Finite Carrollian black-hole thermodynamics arises as a double-scaled low-temperature large-N ensemble in AdS/CFT, with the boundary Brown-York stress tensor reproducing the contracted bulk Hamiltonian and first law.
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Shadow Completion in Celestial OPEs
Celestial OPEs require shadow-basis exchanges of the same bulk particles for consistency, with coefficients fixed by a universal shadow factor.
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Flat from AdS: in any dimension and for any spin
Recovers Minkowski massless integer-spin solution space as smooth limit of AdS solution space for even dimensions via cosmological-constant expansion of source and vev.
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Locality in effective field theory for inflationary soft modes
The authors define a locality condition for hard-mode states during inflation that unifies local effective dynamics for soft modes, suppression of loop corrections, generalized soft theorems, and absence of infrared divergences in observable correlators.
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An algebra of proper observables at null infinity: Dirac brackets, Memory and Goldstone probes
Authors define proper observables and Goldstone probes on the Ashtekar-Streubel phase space at null infinity, showing supertranslation charges act correctly on shear and deriving distributional Dirac brackets with non-local corrections.
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On Carrollian Loop Amplitudes for Gauge Theory and Gravity
Loop-level Carrollian amplitudes in N=4 SYM and N=8 supergravity are differential operators on tree-level versions, with logarithmic eikonal behavior and IR-safe factorization via natural splitting.
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The gravitational S-matrix from the path integral: asymptotic symmetries and soft theorems
A path integral with asymptotic boundary conditions produces the gravitational S-matrix and derives soft graviton theorems from extended BMS symmetry Ward identities.
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A proof of conservation laws in gravitational scattering: tails and breaking of peeling
A proposed definition of asymptotically flat spacetimes enables proofs of antipodal matching conditions at spatial infinity for dual mass, shear tails, and peeling, expressed as boundary conservation laws.
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Toward claiming a detection of gravitational memory
A framework using scale separation in the Isaacson description defines observable gravitational memory rise for compact binary coalescences, providing a basis for hypothesis testing in LISA data.
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From Asymptotically Flat Gravity to Finite Causal Diamonds
The soft sector phase space of asymptotically flat gravity equals the phase space of radial size fluctuations of a finite causal diamond in flat spacetime.
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The Penrose Transform and the Kerr-Schild double copy
The Kerr-Schild and twistorial double copies are equivalent for self-dual vacuum Kerr-Schild spacetimes.
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Testing Electromagnetic Memory via Acceleration-Induced Phase Imprints in Superconductors
Proposes a superconducting readout protocol that uses acceleration-induced electric fields in conductors to imprint and detect electromagnetic memory phase shifts.
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QFT in Klein space
Authors construct canonical and path-integral quantizations for QFT in Klein space using extra modes, deriving correlation functions that match Minkowski space via analytical continuation.
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A perturbative Liouville prescription for the celestial three-gluon amplitude
By fixing the Liouville-Mellin dictionary via conformal covariance and semiclassical consistency, the authors derive the leading and subleading b^2 terms of the celestial three-gluon amplitude from the DOZZ function, with the one-loop piece expressed using modified Bessel functions.
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Carrollian ABJM: Fermions and Supersymmetry
The c to zero limit of ABJM theory produces a Carrollian superconformal theory with extended BMS4 symmetry using Carrollian Dirac matrices.
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Mixed-helicity bracket of celestial symmetries
Restricting one helicity to the wedge sector and introducing shadow charges yields closed mixed-helicity algebras for all spins in gravity and gauge theory, plus dual mass BMS extensions and non-vanishing electromagnetic central charges.
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Celestial 1-form symmetries
In self-dual Yang-Mills the S-algebra becomes an algebra of 1-form symmetries whose 2-form currents link integrability to the equality of Carrollian corner charges and celestial chiral algebra modes.
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Soft Algebras via Bulk Double Soft Limits
Bulk double soft limits introduce subtleties absent from boundary celestial CFTs, so the full soft expansion of gravitational amplitudes cannot be generated from the first three terms via celestial algebras.
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Mapping the Infrared Phase Space of Gravity to Finite Subregions
Phase space of arbitrary null cut in Minkowski spacetime is symplectomorphic to infrared phase space of asymptotically flat gravity, mapping cut fluctuations to leading soft graviton mode and supertranslation Goldstone mode to cut size times null time offset.
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Constraining Gravitational Wave Memory with Hierarchical Inference
Hierarchical Bayesian inference on GWTC-5.0 constrains the memory enhancement factor to 0.26 with large uncertainties consistent with the GR value of 1 and forecasts that 2000 detections are needed for a 1σ constraint away from zero.
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Superdilations at Schwarzschild null infinity
Asymptotic conformal symmetries at Schwarzschild future null infinity close an extended BMS algebra including superdilations with a non-trivial charge.
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Quantum Gravity Beyond the Bulk
Proposes reducing quantum gravity dynamics to Regge-Teitelboim boundary charges in an asymptotic proper-time gauge, yielding a Berry-phase effective Hamiltonian after integrating out bulk modes.
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Beyond the Lorenz Gauge: Probing a Stueckelberg Scalar in the Electric Aharonov-Bohm Effect
The paper proposes a frequency-sweep protocol in single-electron interferometry to detect a potential Stueckelberg scalar contribution to the electric Aharonov-Bohm phase shift, distinguishable by its 1-cos(ωT) time dependence.
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Residual Symmetries and Their Algebras in the Kerr-Schild Double Copy
The Kerr-Schild double copy does not map residual symmetries between Yang-Mills and gravity; gravitational conformal Killing vectors are shown to be BRST-exact after a Weyl-compensated complex, leaving only global isometries.
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Can Oscillatory and Persistent Nonlinearities Be Bridged in Black Hole Ringdown?
Quadratic quasinormal modes and the memory effect in black hole ringdown are related through bridge coefficients that depend primarily on remnant black hole parameters.
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Infrared Universality: The $r^{-3}$ Spectral Threshold for Coupled Gravitational and Electromagnetic Fields
The r^{-3} curvature decay is a universal threshold that makes zero part of the essential spectrum of the linearized coupled Einstein-Maxwell operator via delocalized modes, unifying the infrared behavior of spin-1, spin-2, and mixed fields and linking it to memory effects.
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Minkowski Space holography and Radon transform
Relates free scalar in Minkowski space to codimension-two sphere field via Radon transform to dS/EAdS slice and bulk reconstruction, with Mellin modes as generalized hypergeometric functions via Lee-Pomeransky method.
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Infinite Dimensional Topological-Holomorphic Symmetry in Three-Dimensions
A 3D QFT is defined with infinite-dimensional topological-holomorphic symmetry from a centrally extended affine graded Lie algebra, yielding a raviolo vertex algebra for its local operators after radial quantization.
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On symmetries of gravitational on-shell boundary action at null infinity
Fixing null-infinity boundary action ambiguities via 5-point amplitude constraints yields subleading soft theorems and proposes generalized Geroch-tensor Goldstone modes for sub^n-leading soft graviton insertions.
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Subleading Chern-Simons soft factors in perturbative de Sitter
Subleading Chern-Simons soft factors stay insensitive to perturbative 1/ℓ² de Sitter corrections, indicating topological universality at the amplitude level.
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Comments on Symmetry Operators, Asymptotic Charges and Soft Theorems
1-form symmetries in the QED soft sector generate asymptotic charges whose central extension implies soft photon theorems and fixes a two-soft-photon contact term.
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Note on higher spins and holographic symmetry algebra
Higher spin particles generate w_∞ and S-algebra subalgebras inside the soft holographic symmetry algebra that do not commute with the graviton and gluon versions.
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Strongly Coupled Quantum Field Theory in Anti-de Sitter Spacetime
Develops a Functorial QFT approach and applies it to analyze the O(N) model in AdS, focusing on crossed-channel diagram contributions to conformal block decomposition in the non-singlet sector.
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Detector Resolution and Observable Infrared Memory in QED
Detector resolution ω_max is interpreted as a coarse-graining scale that renders infrared memory in QED resolution-dependent via tracing over unobserved soft photons.
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Carrollian holography with agentic AI: Real mass is imaginary
An agentic AI workflow constructs Carrollian conformal bases for massive and tachyonic particles via a Poincare-Carrollian intertwiner that requires complex momentum shifts.
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Lectures on the Bondi--Metzner--Sachs group and related topics in infrared physics
Lecture notes that build the BMS group from prerequisites to applications in soft theorems, memory effects, and new material on asymptotic conformal Killing horizons.
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Prospects for Memory Detection with Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Detectors
Calculations show current pulsar timing arrays have poor prospects for detecting gravitational wave memory, but LISA is likely to see 1-10 events with SNR exceeding 5 in its 4-year mission.
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The Science of the Einstein Telescope
The paper provides state-of-the-art predictions for the Einstein Telescope's impact on fundamental physics, cosmology, compact-object astrophysics, and multi-messenger astronomy across its proposed configurations.
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Spectral Noncommutative Geometry, Standard Model and all that
Review of spectral noncommutative geometry applied to the Standard Model, including bosonic and fermionic actions, Euclidean vs Lorentz issues, and going beyond the SM.
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Topics in Celestial holography: A bottom-up perspective
Review of symmetries, celestial CFT, twistor interplay, and AdS/CFT connections in the search for a celestial dual to flat-spacetime quantum gravity.