Incomplete constrainers in constrained decoding push LLMs into low-probability program regions, making unconstrained decoding outperform constrained decoding on functional correctness across seven models and three benchmarks.
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SWE-smith: Scaling Data for Software Engineering Agents
Mixed citation behavior. Most common role is background (67%).
37
Pith papers citing it
Background
67% of classified citations
abstract
Despite recent progress in Language Models (LMs) for software engineering, collecting training data remains a significant pain point. Existing datasets are small, with at most 1,000s of training instances from 11 or fewer GitHub repositories. The procedures to curate such datasets are often complex, necessitating hundreds of hours of human labor; companion execution environments also take up several terabytes of storage, severely limiting their scalability and usability. To address this pain point, we introduce SWE-smith, a novel pipeline for generating software engineering training data at scale. Given any Python codebase, SWE-smith constructs a corresponding execution environment, then automatically synthesizes 100s to 1,000s of task instances that break existing test(s) in the codebase. Using SWE-smith, we create a dataset of 50k instances sourced from 128 GitHub repositories, an order of magnitude larger than all previous works. We train SWE-agent-LM-32B, achieving 40.2% Pass@1 resolve rate on the SWE-bench Verified benchmark, state of the art among open source models. We open source SWE-smith (collection procedure, task instances, trajectories, models) to lower the barrier of entry for research in LM systems for automated software engineering. All assets available at https://swesmith.com.
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representative citing papers
Authors create LLMCVE dataset of LLM-in-the-loop vulnerabilities and demonstrate that agent-based repair methods achieve low success rates on them, particularly prompt injections at 28.57% Pass@1.
CUA-Gym generates 32,112 verified RLVR tuples across 110 mock environments, enabling trained models to reach 62.1% and 72.6% on OSWorld-Verified while transferring to WebArena.
RepoMirage uses semantics-preserving perturbations on SWE-Bench to show code agents lack repository context reasoning, with performance falling sharply on extended structure tasks, and introduces RepoAnchor as a structure-first fix.
MemGym unifies agent gyms into a memory benchmark with isolated scoring across tool-use, research, coding, and computer-use regimes plus a lightweight reward model for tractable coding evaluation.
FrontierSmith automates synthesis of open-ended coding problems from closed-ended seeds and shows measurable gains on two open-ended LLM coding benchmarks.
PerfCodeBench reveals that state-of-the-art LLMs produce functionally correct but significantly slower code than expert-optimized versions on system-level tasks, especially those involving parallelism and GPUs.
BRIGHT-Pro and RTriever-Synth advance reasoning-intensive retrieval by adding multi-aspect evidence evaluation and aspect-decomposed synthetic training, with the fine-tuned RTriever-4B showing gains over its base model.
ProgramBench introduces 200 tasks where models must reconstruct full programs like FFmpeg or SQLite from docs alone; none of 9 evaluated LMs fully solve any task and the best passes 95% tests on only 3% of tasks while favoring monolithic code.
ADI equips AI debugging agents with function-level interaction via a new execution trace structure, raising SWE-bench Verified resolution to 63.8% at $1.28 per task and delivering 6-18% gains when added to existing agents.
LogicLoc combines LLMs with Datalog to achieve accurate repo-level code localization without relying on keyword shortcuts in benchmarks.
A custom LLM agent achieves 94% manually verified success on a new benchmark of 35 software analysis setups, outperforming baselines at 77%, but struggles with stage mixing, error localization, and overestimating its own success.
A rubric-based generative reward model improves reinforced fine-tuning of SWE agents by supplying richer behavioral guidance than binary terminal rewards alone.
LiteCoder-Terminal-Gen creates synthetic terminal datasets that, after SFT and DMPO on Qwen models, yield 29.06%, 18.54%, and 34.00% pass@1 on Terminal Bench 1.0, 2.0, and Pro.
A two-stage LLM pipeline for taxonomy-based labeling of code changes in patches achieves up to 84% recall and 81% precision on a manually curated benchmark of natural and synthetic patches.
CODESKILL trains an LLM policy via RL on hybrid rewards to extract and maintain multi-granularity skills from agent trajectories, raising pass rates 9.69 points over no-skill baselines on three coding benchmarks while keeping the skill bank compact.
SWE-Mutation benchmark shows current LLMs achieve low verification (10.20%) and detection (36.15%) rates on 2,636 mutated variants, exposing weaknesses in generating reliable test suites.
P2T distills reference patches into a latent process graph and uses it to select shortest effective trajectory segments from teacher rollouts, yielding up to 10.8 point Pass@1 gains on SWE-bench Verified with 15% lower inference cost using only 1.8k instances.
SWE-Cycle benchmark shows sharp drops in code agent success rates from isolated tasks to full autonomous issue resolution, highlighting cross-phase dependency issues.
DAgger-style training with turn-level policy interpolation raises 4B and 8B LLM agents to 27.3% and 29.8% on SWE-bench Verified, beating several larger published systems.
Coding agents exhibit action bias by proposing undesirable changes on already-fixed issues 35-65% of the time, and explicit reproduction instructions only partially mitigate this while creating new abstention errors.
ROSE is a system for cooperative elasticity that co-locates serving and rollout models on shared GPUs, delivering 1.3-3.3x higher end-to-end throughput than fixed-resource baselines while preserving serving SLOs.
Agent-World autonomously synthesizes verifiable real-world tasks and uses continuous self-evolution to train 8B and 14B agents that outperform proprietary models on 23 benchmarks.
OmniCode is a new benchmark with 1794 manually validated tasks across four software engineering categories and three languages, revealing that agents like SWE-Agent perform poorly on test generation especially in C++ and Java.
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Code as Agent Harness
A survey that organizes existing work on LLM-based agents around code as the central harness, structured in three layers of interfaces, mechanisms, and multi-agent scaling, with applications across domains and listed open challenges.