Tiny language models under 10M parameters trained on a synthetic children's story dataset generate fluent, consistent, multi-paragraph English text with near-perfect grammar and reasoning.
hub Baseline reference
TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehension
Baseline reference. 52% of citing Pith papers use this work as a benchmark or comparison.
98
Pith papers citing it
Baseline
52% of classified citations
abstract
We present TriviaQA, a challenging reading comprehension dataset containing over 650K question-answer-evidence triples. TriviaQA includes 95K question-answer pairs authored by trivia enthusiasts and independently gathered evidence documents, six per question on average, that provide high quality distant supervision for answering the questions. We show that, in comparison to other recently introduced large-scale datasets, TriviaQA (1) has relatively complex, compositional questions, (2) has considerable syntactic and lexical variability between questions and corresponding answer-evidence sentences, and (3) requires more cross sentence reasoning to find answers. We also present two baseline algorithms: a feature-based classifier and a state-of-the-art neural network, that performs well on SQuAD reading comprehension. Neither approach comes close to human performance (23% and 40% vs. 80%), suggesting that TriviaQA is a challenging testbed that is worth significant future study. Data and code available at -- http://nlp.cs.washington.edu/triviaqa/
hub tools
citation-role summary
dataset 11
background 9
method 1
citation-polarity summary
claims ledger
- abstract We present TriviaQA, a challenging reading comprehension dataset containing over 650K question-answer-evidence triples. TriviaQA includes 95K question-answer pairs authored by trivia enthusiasts and independently gathered evidence documents, six per question on average, that provide high quality distant supervision for answering the questions. We show that, in comparison to other recently introduced large-scale datasets, TriviaQA (1) has relatively complex, compositional questions, (2) has considerable syntactic and lexical variability between questions and corresponding answer-evidence senten
co-cited works
representative citing papers
GPT-3 shows that scaling an autoregressive language model to 175 billion parameters enables strong few-shot performance across diverse NLP tasks via in-context prompting without fine-tuning.
Fine-tuning BERT for query-passage relevance classification achieves state-of-the-art results on TREC-CAR and MS MARCO, with a 27% relative gain in MRR@10 over prior methods.
Task calibration aligns LLM distributions in latent task spaces to make MBR decoding provably optimal and improve generation quality.
VITA-QinYu is the first expressive end-to-end spoken language model supporting role-playing and singing alongside conversation, trained on 15.8K hours of data and outperforming prior models on expressiveness and conversational benchmarks.
XGRAG uses graph perturbations to quantify component contributions in GraphRAG and achieves 14.81% better explanation quality than text-based baselines on QA datasets, with correlations to graph centrality.
HaS accelerates RAG retrieval via homology-aware speculative retrieval and homologous query re-identification validation, cutting latency 24-37% with 1-2% accuracy drop on tested datasets.
Token-to-Mask remasking improves self-correction in diffusion LLMs by resetting erroneous commitments to masks rather than overwriting them, yielding +13.33 points on AIME 2025 and +8.56 on CMATH.
LoSA caches prefix attention for stable tokens in block-wise DLMs and applies sparse attention only to active tokens, preserving near-dense accuracy while achieving 1.54x lower attention density and up to 4.14x speedup.
PolyReal benchmark shows leading MLLMs perform well on polymer knowledge reasoning but drop sharply on practical tasks like lab safety analysis and raw data extraction.
Agentic search narrows the gap between dense RAG and GraphRAG but does not remove GraphRAG's advantage on complex multi-hop reasoning.
PathMoE constrains expert paths in MoE models by sharing router parameters across layer blocks, yielding more concentrated paths, better performance on perplexity and tasks, and no need for auxiliary losses.
TARG uses uncertainty scores from a short no-context draft to gate retrieval in RAG, matching Always-RAG accuracy while cutting retrievals by 70-90% on QA benchmarks.
A survey that defines Compound AI Systems, proposes a multi-dimensional taxonomy based on component roles and orchestration strategies, reviews four foundational paradigms, and identifies key challenges for future research.
GiGPO adds a hierarchical grouping mechanism to group-based RL so that LLM agents receive both global trajectory and local step-level credit signals, yielding >12% gains on ALFWorld and >9% on WebShop over GRPO while keeping the same rollout and memory footprint.
BrowseComp-ZH is a new benchmark of 289 Chinese web questions where even the strongest LLM agents reach only 42.9% accuracy.
PRIMETIME generator reveals that LLM datetime parsing and arithmetic primitives are individually unreliable but fully learnable via fine-tuning, enabling frontier-level accuracy on event planning with small LoRA models.
Moshi is the first real-time full-duplex spoken large language model that casts dialogue as speech-to-speech generation using parallel audio streams and an inner monologue of time-aligned text tokens.
M3-Embedding is a single model for multi-lingual, multi-functional, and multi-granular text embeddings trained via self-knowledge distillation that achieves new state-of-the-art results on multilingual, cross-lingual, and long-document retrieval benchmarks.
Multitask fine-tuning of an encoder-decoder model on prompted datasets produces zero-shot generalization that often beats models up to 16 times larger on standard benchmarks.
Switch Transformers use top-1 expert routing in a Mixture of Experts setup to scale to trillion-parameter language models with constant compute and up to 4x speedup over T5-XXL.
T5 casts all NLP tasks as text-to-text generation, systematically explores pre-training choices, and reaches strong performance on summarization, QA, classification and other tasks via large-scale training on the Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus.
Grad Detect uses internal gradient patterns from one inference pass to predict LLM hallucinations and abstention, outperforming confidence and sampling baselines on Q&A benchmarks with most signal in the final five layers.
ParaEval reduces false performance gaps in MCQA benchmarks from over 2 points to below 1 point by scoring models on multiple paraphrases per answer option instead of single surface forms.
citing papers explorer
-
TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English?
Tiny language models under 10M parameters trained on a synthetic children's story dataset generate fluent, consistent, multi-paragraph English text with near-perfect grammar and reasoning.
-
Language Models are Few-Shot Learners
GPT-3 shows that scaling an autoregressive language model to 175 billion parameters enables strong few-shot performance across diverse NLP tasks via in-context prompting without fine-tuning.
-
VITA-QinYu: Expressive Spoken Language Model for Role-Playing and Singing
VITA-QinYu is the first expressive end-to-end spoken language model supporting role-playing and singing alongside conversation, trained on 15.8K hours of data and outperforming prior models on expressiveness and conversational benchmarks.
-
Remask, Don't Replace: Token-to-Mask Refinement in Diffusion Large Language Models
Token-to-Mask remasking improves self-correction in diffusion LLMs by resetting erroneous commitments to masks rather than overwriting them, yielding +13.33 points on AIME 2025 and +8.56 on CMATH.
-
LoSA: Locality Aware Sparse Attention for Block-Wise Diffusion Language Models
LoSA caches prefix attention for stable tokens in block-wise DLMs and applies sparse attention only to active tokens, preserving near-dense accuracy while achieving 1.54x lower attention density and up to 4.14x speedup.
-
Retrieval as a Decision: Training-Free Adaptive Gating for Efficient RAG
TARG uses uncertainty scores from a short no-context draft to gate retrieval in RAG, matching Always-RAG accuracy while cutting retrievals by 70-90% on QA benchmarks.
-
BrowseComp-ZH: Benchmarking Web Browsing Ability of Large Language Models in Chinese
BrowseComp-ZH is a new benchmark of 289 Chinese web questions where even the strongest LLM agents reach only 42.9% accuracy.
-
M3-Embedding: Multi-Linguality, Multi-Functionality, Multi-Granularity Text Embeddings Through Self-Knowledge Distillation
M3-Embedding is a single model for multi-lingual, multi-functional, and multi-granular text embeddings trained via self-knowledge distillation that achieves new state-of-the-art results on multilingual, cross-lingual, and long-document retrieval benchmarks.
-
Are We Evaluating Knowledge or Phrasing? Mitigating MCQA Sensitivity with ParaEval
ParaEval reduces false performance gaps in MCQA benchmarks from over 2 points to below 1 point by scoring models on multiple paraphrases per answer option instead of single surface forms.
-
Reformulating KV Cache Eviction Problem for Long-Context LLM Inference
LaProx reformulates KV cache eviction as an output-aware matrix approximation, enabling a unified global token selection strategy that preserves LLM performance at 5% cache size across long-context benchmarks.
-
Estimating the Black-box LLM Uncertainty with Distribution-Aligned Adversarial Distillation
DisAAD trains a 1%-sized proxy model via adversarial distillation to quantify uncertainty in black-box LLMs by aligning with their output distributions.
-
Mixture of Heterogeneous Grouped Experts for Language Modeling
MoHGE achieves standard MoE performance with 20% fewer parameters and balanced GPU utilization via grouped heterogeneous experts, two-level routing, and specialized auxiliary losses.
-
Bootstrapping Post-training Signals for Open-ended Tasks via Rubric-based Self-play on Pre-training Text
POP bootstraps post-training signals for open-ended LLM tasks by synthesizing rubrics during self-play on pretraining corpus, yielding performance gains on Qwen-2.5-7B across healthcare QA, creative writing, and instruction following.
-
Cram Less to Fit More: Training Data Pruning Improves Memorization of Facts
Loss-based pruning of training data to limit facts and flatten their frequency distribution enables a 110M-parameter GPT-2 model to memorize 1.3 times more entity facts than standard training, matching a 1.3B-parameter model on the full dataset.
-
How do LLMs Compute Verbal Confidence
Mechanistic experiments on Gemma 3 27B, Qwen 2.5 7B and Magistral Small 24B show verbal confidence is cached at post-answer positions from answer tokens and captures richer answer-quality information beyond token log-probabilities.
-
MSA: Memory Sparse Attention for Efficient End-to-End Memory Model Scaling to 100M Tokens
MSA is an end-to-end trainable memory model using sparse attention and document-wise RoPE that scales to 100M tokens with linear complexity and less than 9% degradation.
-
Kimi Linear: An Expressive, Efficient Attention Architecture
Kimi Linear hybridizes linear attention with a new KDA module to beat full attention on tasks while slashing KV cache by 75% and speeding decoding up to 6x.
-
EvolveR: Self-Evolving LLM Agents through an Experience-Driven Lifecycle
EvolveR enables LLM agents to self-evolve via a closed loop of distilling interaction trajectories into strategic principles offline and retrieving them to guide online decisions with policy reinforcement, yielding better results on multi-hop QA benchmarks.
-
WebSailor: Navigating Super-human Reasoning for Web Agent
WebSailor trains open-source web agents to match proprietary performance on complex information-seeking tasks by generating high-uncertainty scenarios and using a new RL method called DUPO.
-
ZeroSearch: Incentivize the Search Capability of LLMs without Searching
ZeroSearch uses supervised fine-tuning to create a simulated retrieval module and curriculum-based RL rollouts that degrade document quality to train LLMs on search capabilities without real search API calls.
-
Enhancing the Reasoning Ability of Multimodal Large Language Models via Mixed Preference Optimization
Mixed Preference Optimization with the MMPR dataset boosts multimodal CoT reasoning, lifting InternVL2-8B to 67.0 accuracy on MathVista (+8.7 points) and matching the 76B model.
-
Measuring short-form factuality in large language models
SimpleQA is a new benchmark of short, single-answer factual questions collected adversarially against GPT-4 to evaluate LLM factuality and confidence calibration.
-
Towards Understanding Sycophancy in Language Models
Sycophancy is prevalent in state-of-the-art AI assistants and is likely driven in part by human preferences that favor agreement over truthfulness.
-
Chain-of-Verification Reduces Hallucination in Large Language Models
Chain-of-Verification reduces hallucinations in large language models by drafting responses, planning independent verification questions, answering them separately, and generating a final verified output.
-
ReWOO: Decoupling Reasoning from Observations for Efficient Augmented Language Models
ReWOO decouples reasoning from tool observations in augmented language models, delivering 5x token efficiency and 4% higher accuracy on multi-step reasoning benchmarks like HotpotQA.
-
Semantic Uncertainty: Linguistic Invariances for Uncertainty Estimation in Natural Language Generation
Semantic entropy improves uncertainty estimation in natural language generation by incorporating semantic equivalences, outperforming standard entropy baselines on predicting model accuracy for question answering.
-
ST-MoE: Designing Stable and Transferable Sparse Expert Models
ST-MoE introduces stability techniques for sparse expert models, allowing a 269B-parameter model to achieve state-of-the-art transfer learning results across reasoning, summarization, and QA tasks at the compute cost of a 32B dense model.
-
How Much Knowledge Can You Pack Into the Parameters of a Language Model?
Fine-tuned language models store knowledge in parameters to answer questions competitively with retrieval-based open-domain QA systems.
-
CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generation
CTRL is a large conditional transformer language model that uses naturally occurring control codes to steer text generation style and content.
-
APCD: Adaptive Path-Contrastive Decoding for Reliable Large Language Model Generation
APCD adaptively branches LLM decoding paths based on token entropy and contrasts divergent paths to improve factual accuracy while preserving efficiency.
-
FreezeEmpath: Efficient Training for Empathetic Spoken Chatbots with Frozen LLMs
FreezeEmpath achieves emotionally expressive speech output and strong performance on empathetic dialogue, speech emotion recognition, and spoken QA tasks by training with a frozen LLM on existing speech datasets.
-
Attention Residuals
Attention Residuals replaces fixed residual summation with input-dependent softmax attention over preceding layers, and a blocked variant is shown to improve uniformity and downstream performance in a 48B-parameter model pre-trained on 1.4T tokens.
-
Scoring, Reasoning, and Selecting the Best! Ensembling Large Language Models via a Peer-Review Process
LLM-PeerReview ensembles LLMs by scoring responses with LLM-as-Judge and selecting the best via averaging or truth inference, beating Smoothie-Global by 6.9-7.3 points on four datasets.
-
Enhancing Speech Large Language Models through Reinforced Behavior Alignment
Reinforced Behavior Alignment (RBA) uses self-synthesized data from a teacher LLM and reinforcement learning to close the instruction-following gap in SpeechLMs, outperforming distillation and reaching SOTA on spoken QA and speech-to-text translation benchmarks.
-
Sparse Attention Remapping with Clustering for Efficient LLM Decoding on PIM
STARC remaps sparse KV caches by semantic clustering for PIM hardware, delivering 19-31% lower attention latency and 19-27% lower energy versus token-wise sparsity, with larger gains under tight KV budgets.
-
SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Model
SmolLM2 is a 1.7B-parameter language model that outperforms Qwen2.5-1.5B and Llama3.2-1B after overtraining on 11 trillion tokens using custom FineMath, Stack-Edu, and SmolTalk datasets in a multi-stage pipeline.
-
AdaComp: Extractive Context Compression with Adaptive Predictor for Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models
AdaComp trains a compression-rate predictor on annotated minimum top-k data to adaptively retain only the documents needed for each RAG query.
-
InternLM2 Technical Report
InternLM2 is a new open-source LLM that outperforms prior versions on 30 benchmarks and long-context tasks through scaled pre-training to 32k tokens and a conditional online RLHF alignment strategy.
-
DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models
DeepSeekMoE 2B matches GShard 2.9B performance and approaches a dense 2B model; the 16B version matches LLaMA2-7B at 40% compute by using fine-grained expert segmentation plus shared experts.
-
TrustLLM: Trustworthiness in Large Language Models
TrustLLM defines eight trustworthiness principles, creates a six-dimension benchmark, and evaluates 16 LLMs showing proprietary models generally lead but some open-source ones are close while over-calibration can hurt utility.
-
Mistral 7B
Mistral 7B is a 7B-parameter LLM that outperforms Llama 2 13B across benchmarks via grouped-query attention and sliding-window attention while remaining efficient.
-
Ministral 3
Ministral 3 releases 3B/8B/14B parameter-efficient language models with base, instruction, and reasoning variants derived via iterative pruning and distillation, including image understanding capabilities.
-
Gemma 3 Technical Report
Gemma 3 introduces multimodal open models with architectural changes for efficient long context, trained via distillation and a new post-training recipe that makes the 4B version competitive with prior 27B models and the 27B version comparable to Gemini-1.5-Pro.
-
Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology
Gemma introduces open 2B and 7B LLMs derived from Gemini technology that beat comparable open models on 11 of 18 text tasks and come with safety assessments.
-
Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size
Gemma 2 models achieve leading performance at their sizes by combining established Transformer modifications with knowledge distillation for the 2B and 9B variants.
-
Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey
A survey of RAG paradigms, components, benchmarks, and challenges for improving LLMs on knowledge-intensive tasks.
-
A Practice of Post-Training on Llama-3 70B with Optimal Selection of Additional Language Mixture Ratio
Empirical practice of continual pre-training Llama-3 models with optimized additional language mixture ratios to enhance Chinese capabilities, showing gains in benchmarks and domains like math and coding.
-
Machine Reading Comprehension: a Literature Review
A 2019 survey of machine reading comprehension corpora and methods.
- Attention Sink Forges Native MoE in Attention Layers: Sink-Aware Training to Address Head Collapse
- Optimal Query Allocation in Extractive QA with LLMs: A Learning-to-Defer Framework with Theoretical Guarantees