In the Gravity from Entropy framework, spherically symmetric black holes acquire r^{-4} corrections to Schwarzschild geometry, with large-mass evaporation at constant rate -β/24 and intermediate-mass loss following the classical Hawking M^{-2} scaling.
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Astrophys.636, L5 (2020), arXiv:2004.07187 [astro-ph.GA]
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abstract
The star S2 orbiting the compact radio source Sgr A* is a precision probe of the gravitational field around the closest massive black hole (candidate). Over the last 2.7 decades we have monitored the star's radial velocity and motion on the sky, mainly with the SINFONI and NACO adaptive optics (AO) instruments on the ESO VLT, and since 2017, with the four-telescope interferometric beam combiner instrument GRAVITY. In this paper we report the first detection of the General Relativity (GR) Schwarzschild Precession (SP) in S2's orbit. Owing to its highly elliptical orbit (e = 0.88), S2's SP is mainly a kink between the pre-and post-pericentre directions of motion ~ +- 1 year around pericentre passage, relative to the corresponding Kepler orbit. The superb 2017-2019 astrometry of GRAVITY defines the pericentre passage and outgoing direction. The incoming direction is anchored by 118 NACO-AO measurements of S2's position in the infrared reference frame, with an additional 75 direct measurements of the S2-Sgr A* separation during bright states ('flares') of Sgr A*. Our 14-parameter model fits for the distance, central mass, the position and motion of the reference frame of the AO astrometry relative to the mass, the six parameters of the orbit, as well as a dimensionless parameter f_SP for the SP (f_SP = 0 for Newton and 1 for GR). From data up to the end of 2019 we robustly detect the SP of S2, del phi = 12' per orbital period. From posterior fitting and MCMC Bayesian analysis with different weighting schemes and bootstrapping we find f_SP = 1.10 +- 0.19. The S2 data are fully consistent with GR. Any extended mass inside S2's orbit cannot exceed ~ 0.1% of the central mass. Any compact third mass inside the central arcsecond must be less than about 1000 M_sun.
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A hierarchical analysis of 69 GWTC-3 black-hole merger candidates yields an effective compactness consistent with C=0.5 and no evidence for a low-compactness exotic population.
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Analysis of how string cloud parameter a and dark matter parameter α alter MBO, ISCO, periodic orbits indexed by q, and the gravitational waveforms generated by those orbits in a modified Schwarzschild spacetime.
Derives perihelion shift equations for S2 star in generalized Schwarzschild-Dehnen BH-DM spacetime and constrains gamma, rho_s, rs via MCMC on Do et al. and Gillessen et al. datasets.
Nonlocal gravity shrinks the ISCO radius, boosts QPO frequencies, and constrains α/M ≤ 0.452 with M ≲ 43.6 M_⊙ for observed high-frequency QPOs under resonance models.
A constructive algorithm yields NEC-obeying static spherical metrics with g_tt g_rr = -1, including a log-corrected Schwarzschild geometry that can mimic black holes.
Nonlocal black holes remain consistent with general relativity at the 1.13-sigma level after joint lensing and quasinormal-mode constraints.
Simulation-based inference reliably extracts physical parameters from noisy spectra of analogue black holes.
Using S2 star periastron precession, the work constrains ultralight scalar dark matter mass ratios to below 10^{-3} or 1 and improves quadratic coupling bounds for masses 10^{-20} to 10^{-18} eV.
Tidal forces in the Simpson-Visser spacetime produce Roche radii for stars that depend on observer type and regularization, with some disruptions occurring outside the event horizon for supermassive black holes.
Bound states of a massive scalar field around topological stars form strictly normal modes, producing a hydrogen-like spectrum when the Compton wavelength exceeds the star size and localized states otherwise.
Models apsidal precession and dynamical friction from extended matter to extend GRAVITY constraints on boson clouds around Sgr A* and assess impacts on S-star orbits.
Black bounce spacetimes with larger throat parameter α produce enhanced periastron precession, light deflection, and a larger critical impact parameter in the wormhole regime, offering potential observational signatures.
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A constructive algorithm yields NEC-obeying static spherical metrics with g_tt g_rr = -1, including a log-corrected Schwarzschild geometry that can mimic black holes.
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Roche limit and stellar disruption in the Simpson--Visser spacetime
Tidal forces in the Simpson-Visser spacetime produce Roche radii for stars that depend on observer type and regularization, with some disruptions occurring outside the event horizon for supermassive black holes.
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Gravitational Atoms from Topological Stars
Bound states of a massive scalar field around topological stars form strictly normal modes, producing a hydrogen-like spectrum when the Compton wavelength exceeds the star size and localized states otherwise.
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Models apsidal precession and dynamical friction from extended matter to extend GRAVITY constraints on boson clouds around Sgr A* and assess impacts on S-star orbits.
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On relativistic observables in black bounce spacetimes
Black bounce spacetimes with larger throat parameter α produce enhanced periastron precession, light deflection, and a larger critical impact parameter in the wormhole regime, offering potential observational signatures.
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Detectability of secondary images from flares near Sgr A* with mock GRAVITY data
Bayesian fitting to mock GRAVITY data shows robust detection of secondary images from Sgr A* flares requires both an order-of-magnitude larger sample and astrometric uncertainties reduced to 40% of current levels for |ΔBIC| > 7.9.
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The Science of the Einstein Telescope
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