SafeManip is a new benchmark that applies LTLf monitors to assess temporal safety properties across eight categories in robotic manipulation, demonstrating that task success frequently fails to ensure safe execution in vision-language-action policies.
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$\pi_0$: A Vision-Language-Action Flow Model for General Robot Control
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abstract
Robot learning holds tremendous promise to unlock the full potential of flexible, general, and dexterous robot systems, as well as to address some of the deepest questions in artificial intelligence. However, bringing robot learning to the level of generality required for effective real-world systems faces major obstacles in terms of data, generalization, and robustness. In this paper, we discuss how generalist robot policies (i.e., robot foundation models) can address these challenges, and how we can design effective generalist robot policies for complex and highly dexterous tasks. We propose a novel flow matching architecture built on top of a pre-trained vision-language model (VLM) to inherit Internet-scale semantic knowledge. We then discuss how this model can be trained on a large and diverse dataset from multiple dexterous robot platforms, including single-arm robots, dual-arm robots, and mobile manipulators. We evaluate our model in terms of its ability to perform tasks in zero shot after pre-training, follow language instructions from people and from a high-level VLM policy, and its ability to acquire new skills via fine-tuning. Our results cover a wide variety of tasks, such as laundry folding, table cleaning, and assembling boxes.
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- abstract Robot learning holds tremendous promise to unlock the full potential of flexible, general, and dexterous robot systems, as well as to address some of the deepest questions in artificial intelligence. However, bringing robot learning to the level of generality required for effective real-world systems faces major obstacles in terms of data, generalization, and robustness. In this paper, we discuss how generalist robot policies (i.e., robot foundation models) can address these challenges, and how we can design effective generalist robot policies for complex and highly dexterous tasks. We propose
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representative citing papers
TAVIS is a released benchmark showing active vision improves imitation learning in a task-dependent manner, multi-task policies struggle with shifts, and imitation produces human-like anticipatory gaze.
Vision-language-action models are highly vulnerable to membership inference attacks, including practical black-box versions that exploit generated actions and motion trajectories.
OPT-AIL provides the first provably efficient adversarial imitation learning algorithms under general function approximation, achieving polynomial expert sample and interaction complexity.
RoboLab is a new simulation benchmark with 120 tasks across visual, procedural, and relational axes that quantifies generalization gaps and perturbation sensitivity in task-generalist robotic policies.
JOPAT jointly models pixels, point tracks, and actions in a diffusion transformer and reports gains over pixel-only baselines on long-horizon robot tasks with occlusion and off-screen motion.
GesVLA encodes gesture features directly into the latent space of VLA models using a dual-VLM architecture and a rendering-based data pipeline, yielding improved target grounding in real robotic tasks.
A single diffusion policy network with per-factor null-token dropout enables additive score composition for robot control under conditional independence, with a trajectory-tube certificate, shown to generalize on drone racing tasks.
The paper identifies distinct failure mechanisms: excessive posterior-prior regularization erases mode information in latent policies, while smooth base-to-action maps limit mode coverage in generative policies.
EvoScene-VLA maintains an action-updated scene prior across control chunks in VLA policies, raising success rates on RoboTwin tasks from 87.2% to 89.1% fixed and 86.1% to 88.5% randomized while outperforming baselines on a real robot.
CrossVLA introduces a surrogate log-probability estimator to enable DPO on flow-matching VLAs, reports DoRA yielding +10.4 pp mean gains over SFT on LIBERO with 600 trials, and shows inference caching limited to 21% speedup with some strategies harming success rates.
A hypernetwork generates complete task-specific visuomotor policy parameters from instructions alone to structurally eliminate observation leakage in language-conditioned robotic control.
Pion modifies Muon's Newton-Schulz iterations into a controllable high-pass filter that anchors dominant singular values at 1 while suppressing noisy tails, outperforming Muon and AdamW in VLA and RLVR regimes.
Dexora is the first open-source VLA system for dual-arm dual-hand high-DoF manipulation, trained on 100K simulated and 10K real teleoperated trajectories with a discriminator-weighted diffusion policy, achieving 66.7% dexterous success versus 51.7% for baselines.
RoboFlow4D is an end-to-end lightweight flow world model that predicts multi-frame 3D flows from visual observations and textual instructions to provide explicit planning for real-time robotic manipulation.
Event-grounded SAE analysis in VLA policies produces stronger causal effects on robot behavior than standard methods by anchoring features to clustered end-effector keyframes across simulations and real-robot tests.
PCM uses success-failure action variance to probabilistically select and mask chunks for gradient updates in GRPO, matching standard success rates with 2.38x wall-clock speedup and 60% lower memory on LIBERO benchmarks.
SkiP introduces action relabeling and Motion Spectrum Keying to skip redundant steps in robot trajectories, cutting executed steps by 15-40% while maintaining success rates across 72 simulated and 3 real tasks.
A new speculative inference system speeds up diffusion VLAs to 19.1 ms average latency (3.04x faster) on LIBERO by replacing most full 58 ms inferences with 7.8 ms draft rounds while preserving task performance.
RotVLA models latent actions as continuous SO(n) rotations with triplet-frame supervision and flow-matching to reach 98.2% success on LIBERO and 89.6%/88.5% on RoboTwin2.0 using a 1.7B-parameter model.
Test-time sparsity with a parallel pipeline and omnidirectional feature reuse accelerates action diffusion by 5x to 47.5 Hz while cutting FLOPs 92% with no performance loss.
A new VLA model called SI uses a four-step chain-of-thought to derive driving intent and applies it via classifier-free guidance to a flow-matching trajectory generator, showing competitive Waymo scores and intent-controllable plans.
A morphologically equivariant flow matching policy for bimanual robots enforces reflective symmetry to improve sample efficiency and enable zero-shot generalization to mirrored task configurations.
Premover enables VLA policies to act on partial instructions by precomputing focus maps from intermediate backbone layers, reducing wall-clock time 13.6 percent on LIBERO while preserving 95 percent success rate.
citing papers explorer
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SafeManip: A Property-Driven Benchmark for Temporal Safety Evaluation in Robotic Manipulation
SafeManip is a new benchmark that applies LTLf monitors to assess temporal safety properties across eight categories in robotic manipulation, demonstrating that task success frequently fails to ensure safe execution in vision-language-action policies.
-
TAVIS: A Benchmark for Egocentric Active Vision and Anticipatory Gaze in Imitation Learning
TAVIS is a released benchmark showing active vision improves imitation learning in a task-dependent manner, multi-task policies struggle with shifts, and imitation produces human-like anticipatory gaze.
-
Membership Inference Attacks on Vision-Language-Action Models
Vision-language-action models are highly vulnerable to membership inference attacks, including practical black-box versions that exploit generated actions and motion trajectories.
-
Adversarial Imitation Learning with General Function Approximation: Theoretical Analysis and Practical Algorithms
OPT-AIL provides the first provably efficient adversarial imitation learning algorithms under general function approximation, achieving polynomial expert sample and interaction complexity.
-
RoboLab: A High-Fidelity Simulation Benchmark for Analysis of Task Generalist Policies
RoboLab is a new simulation benchmark with 120 tasks across visual, procedural, and relational axes that quantifies generalization gaps and perturbation sensitivity in task-generalist robotic policies.
-
Point Tracking Improves World Action Models
JOPAT jointly models pixels, point tracks, and actions in a diffusion transformer and reports gains over pixel-only baselines on long-horizon robot tasks with occlusion and off-screen motion.
-
GesVLA: Gesture-Aware Vision-Language-Action Model Embedded Representations
GesVLA encodes gesture features directly into the latent space of VLA models using a dual-VLM architecture and a rendering-based data pipeline, yielding improved target grounding in real robotic tasks.
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Factored Diffusion Policies:Compositionally Generalized Robot Control with a Single Score Network
A single diffusion policy network with per-factor null-token dropout enables additive score composition for robot control under conditional independence, with a trajectory-tube certificate, shown to generalize on drone racing tasks.
-
Understanding Multimodal Failure in Action-Chunking Behavioral Cloning
The paper identifies distinct failure mechanisms: excessive posterior-prior regularization erases mode information in latent policies, while smooth base-to-action maps limit mode coverage in generative policies.
-
EvoScene-VLA: Evolving Scene Beliefs Inside the Action Decoder for Chunked Robot Control
EvoScene-VLA maintains an action-updated scene prior across control chunks in VLA policies, raising success rates on RoboTwin tasks from 87.2% to 89.1% fixed and 86.1% to 88.5% randomized while outperforming baselines on a real robot.
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CrossVLA: Cross-Paradigm Post-Training and Inference Optimization for Vision-Language-Action Models
CrossVLA introduces a surrogate log-probability estimator to enable DPO on flow-matching VLAs, reports DoRA yielding +10.4 pp mean gains over SFT on LIBERO with 600 trials, and shows inference caching limited to 21% speedup with some strategies harming success rates.
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DISC: Decoupling Instruction from State-Conditioned Control via Policy Generation
A hypernetwork generates complete task-specific visuomotor policy parameters from instructions alone to structurally eliminate observation leakage in language-conditioned robotic control.
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Rethinking Muon Beyond Pretraining: Spectral Failures and High-Pass Remedies for VLA and RLVR
Pion modifies Muon's Newton-Schulz iterations into a controllable high-pass filter that anchors dominant singular values at 1 while suppressing noisy tails, outperforming Muon and AdamW in VLA and RLVR regimes.
-
Dexora: Open-source VLA for High-DoF Bimanual Dexterity
Dexora is the first open-source VLA system for dual-arm dual-hand high-DoF manipulation, trained on 100K simulated and 10K real teleoperated trajectories with a discriminator-weighted diffusion policy, achieving 66.7% dexterous success versus 51.7% for baselines.
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RoboFlow4D: A Lightweight Flow World Model Toward Real-Time Flow-Guided Robotic Manipulation
RoboFlow4D is an end-to-end lightweight flow world model that predicts multi-frame 3D flows from visual observations and textual instructions to provide explicit planning for real-time robotic manipulation.
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Event-Grounded Sparse Autoencoders for Vision-Language-Action Policies
Event-grounded SAE analysis in VLA policies produces stronger causal effects on robot behavior than standard methods by anchoring features to clustered end-effector keyframes across simulations and real-robot tests.
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Learn Where Outcomes Diverge: Efficient VLA RL via Probabilistic Chunk Masking
PCM uses success-failure action variance to probabilistically select and mask chunks for gradient updates in GRPO, matching standard success rates with 2.38x wall-clock speedup and 60% lower memory on LIBERO benchmarks.
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SkiP: When to Skip and When to Refine for Efficient Robot Manipulation
SkiP introduces action relabeling and Motion Spectrum Keying to skip redundant steps in robot trajectories, cutting executed steps by 15-40% while maintaining success rates across 72 simulated and 3 real tasks.
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Realtime-VLA FLASH: Speculative Inference Framework for Diffusion-based VLAs
A new speculative inference system speeds up diffusion VLAs to 19.1 ms average latency (3.04x faster) on LIBERO by replacing most full 58 ms inferences with 7.8 ms draft rounds while preserving task performance.
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RotVLA: Rotational Latent Action for Vision-Language-Action Model
RotVLA models latent actions as continuous SO(n) rotations with triplet-frame supervision and flow-matching to reach 98.2% success on LIBERO and 89.6%/88.5% on RoboTwin2.0 using a 1.7B-parameter model.
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Test-time Sparsity for Extreme Fast Action Diffusion
Test-time sparsity with a parallel pipeline and omnidirectional feature reuse accelerates action diffusion by 5x to 47.5 Hz while cutting FLOPs 92% with no performance loss.
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Action Emergence from Streaming Intent
A new VLA model called SI uses a four-step chain-of-thought to derive driving intent and applies it via classifier-free guidance to a flow-matching trajectory generator, showing competitive Waymo scores and intent-controllable plans.
-
Morphologically Equivariant Flow Matching for Bimanual Mobile Manipulation
A morphologically equivariant flow matching policy for bimanual robots enforces reflective symmetry to improve sample efficiency and enable zero-shot generalization to mirrored task configurations.
-
Premover: Fast Vision-Language-Action Control by Acting Before Instructions Are Complete
Premover enables VLA policies to act on partial instructions by precomputing focus maps from intermediate backbone layers, reducing wall-clock time 13.6 percent on LIBERO while preserving 95 percent success rate.
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See What Matters: Differentiable Grid Sample Pruning for Generalizable Vision-Language-Action Model
GridS is a plug-and-play differentiable module for geometry-aware visual token resampling in VLA models that achieves under 10% token retention and 76% FLOPs reduction with no success-rate loss.
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Beyond World-Frame Action Heads: Motion-Centric Action Frames for Vision-Language-Action Models
MCF-Proto adds a motion-centric local action frame and prototype parameterization to VLA models, inducing emergent geometric structure and improved robustness from standard demonstrations alone.
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RIO: Flexible Real-Time Robot I/O for Cross-Embodiment Robot Learning
RIO introduces a lightweight open-source framework that abstracts real-time robot I/O to support easy switching between embodiments and platforms for collecting data and deploying VLAs.
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Offline Policy Evaluation for Manipulation Policies via Discounted Liveness Formulation
A liveness-based Bellman operator enables conservative offline policy evaluation for manipulation tasks by encoding task progression and reducing truncation bias from finite horizons.
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Overcoming Dynamics-Blindness: Training-Free Pace-and-Path Correction for VLA Models
Pace-and-Path Correction decomposes a quadratic cost minimization into orthogonal pace and path channels to correct chunked actions in VLA models, raising success rates by up to 28.8% in dynamic settings.
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CapVector: Learning Transferable Capability Vectors in Parametric Space for Vision-Language-Action Models
Capability vectors extracted from parameter differences between standard and auxiliary-finetuned VLA models can be merged into pretrained weights to match auxiliary-training performance while reducing computational overhead during adaptation.
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SABER: A Scalable Action-Based Embodied Dataset for Real-World VLA Adaptation
SABER provides 44.8K multi-representation action samples from unscripted retail environments that raise a VLA model's mean success rate on ten manipulation tasks from 13.4% to 29.3%.
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Trust Region Inverse Reinforcement Learning: Explicit Dual Ascent using Local Policy Updates
TRIRL enables explicit dual-ascent IRL via trust-region local policy updates that guarantee monotonic improvement without full RL solves per iteration, outperforming prior imitation methods by 2.4x aggregate IQM and recovering generalizable rewards.
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Towards Backdoor-Based Ownership Verification for Vision-Language-Action Models
GuardVLA embeds a stealthy backdoor watermark in VLAs via secret messages in visual data and uses a swap-and-detect mechanism for post-release ownership verification that preserves task performance.
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ECHO: Continuous Hierarchical Memory for Vision-Language-Action Models
ECHO organizes VLA experiences into a hierarchical memory tree in hyperbolic space via autoencoder and entailment constraints, delivering a 12.8% success-rate gain on LIBERO-Long over the pi0 baseline.
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NoiseGate: Learning Per-Latent Timestep Schedules as Information Gating in World Action Models
NoiseGate learns per-latent timestep schedules as an information-gating policy in diffusion-based world action models, yielding consistent gains on RoboTwin manipulation tasks.
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PhySPRING: Structure-Preserving Reduction of Physics-Informed Twins via GNN
PhySPRING uses differentiable GNNs to learn hierarchical coarsened spring-mass topologies and parameters from observations, delivering up to 2.3x speedup on PhysTwin benchmarks and comparable robot policy success rates in zero-shot Real2Sim substitution.
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BrickCraft: Visuomotor Skill Composition with Situated Manual Guidance for Long-Horizon Interlocking Brick Assembly
BrickCraft composes reusable visuomotor skills via relative anchoring to partial structures and situated visual manuals to achieve long-horizon interlocking brick assembly from limited demonstrations with generalization to unseen designs.
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AT-VLA: Adaptive Tactile Injection for Enhanced Feedback Reaction in Vision-Language-Action Models
AT-VLA proposes adaptive tactile injection and a dual-stream tactile reaction mechanism to enhance VLA models for contact-rich robotic manipulation with real-time responses.
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OA-WAM: Object-Addressable World Action Model for Robust Robot Manipulation
OA-WAM uses persistent address vectors and dynamic content vectors in object slots to enable addressable world-action prediction, improving robustness on manipulation benchmarks under scene changes.
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Latent Bridge: Feature Delta Prediction for Efficient Dual-System Vision-Language-Action Model Inference
Latent Bridge predicts VLM feature deltas to reduce VLM calls by 50-75% in dual-system VLA models while retaining 95-100% performance and achieving 1.65-1.73x speedup across LIBERO, RoboCasa, and ALOHA benchmarks.
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CoRAL: Contact-Rich Adaptive LLM-based Control for Robotic Manipulation
CoRAL lets LLMs act as adaptive cost designers for motion planners while using VLM priors and online identification to handle unknown physics, achieving over 50% higher success rates than baselines in unseen contact-rich robotic scenarios.
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Thinking in Text and Images: Interleaved Vision--Language Reasoning Traces for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation
A multimodal transformer generates and caches interleaved text-image traces to guide closed-loop actions, achieving 92.4% success on LIBERO-Long and 95.5% average on LIBERO.
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Being-H0.7: A Latent World-Action Model from Egocentric Videos
Being-H0.7 adds future-aware latent reasoning to direct VLA policies via dual-branch alignment on latent queries, matching world-model benefits at VLA efficiency.
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Atomic-Probe Governance for Skill Updates in Compositional Robot Policies
A cross-version swap protocol reveals dominant skills that swing composition success by up to 50 percentage points, and an atomic probe with selective revalidation governs updates at lower cost than always re-testing full compositions.
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Privileged Foresight Distillation: Zero-Cost Future Correction for World Action Models
Privileged Foresight Distillation distills the residual difference in action predictions with versus without future context into a current-only adapter, yielding consistent gains on LIBERO and RoboTwin benchmarks.
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DiscreteRTC: Discrete Diffusion Policies are Natural Asynchronous Executors
Discrete diffusion policies support native asynchronous execution via unmasking for real-time chunking, delivering higher success rates and 0.7x inference cost versus flow-matching RTC on dynamic robotics benchmarks and real pick tasks.
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Libra-VLA: Achieving Learning Equilibrium via Asynchronous Coarse-to-Fine Dual-System
Libra-VLA introduces a coarse-to-fine dual-system architecture for VLA models that decouples discrete macro-directional planning from continuous micro-pose refinement, with performance peaking at balanced learning difficulty.
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CF-VLA: Efficient Coarse-to-Fine Action Generation for Vision-Language-Action Policies
CF-VLA uses a coarse initialization over endpoint velocity followed by single-step refinement to achieve strong performance with low inference steps on CALVIN, LIBERO, and real-robot tasks.
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Characterizing Vision-Language-Action Models across XPUs: Constraints and Acceleration for On-Robot Deployment
VLA models exhibit a compute-bound VLM phase followed by a memory-bound action phase on edge hardware; DP-Cache and V-AEFusion reduce redundancy and enable pipeline parallelism for up to 6x speedup on NPUs with marginal task degradation.
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CodeGraphVLP: Code-as-Planner Meets Semantic-Graph State for Non-Markovian Vision-Language-Action Models
CodeGraphVLP uses a semantic-graph state and executable code planner to enable reliable long-horizon non-Markovian robot manipulation, improving task success and lowering latency over standard VLA baselines.