FlowHijack is the first dynamics-aware backdoor attack on flow-matching VLAs that achieves high success rates with stealthy triggers while preserving benign performance and making malicious actions kinematically indistinguishable from normal ones.
super hub Canonical reference
OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Model
Canonical reference. 72% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
319
Pith papers citing it
Background
72% of classified citations
abstract
Large policies pretrained on a combination of Internet-scale vision-language data and diverse robot demonstrations have the potential to change how we teach robots new skills: rather than training new behaviors from scratch, we can fine-tune such vision-language-action (VLA) models to obtain robust, generalizable policies for visuomotor control. Yet, widespread adoption of VLAs for robotics has been challenging as 1) existing VLAs are largely closed and inaccessible to the public, and 2) prior work fails to explore methods for efficiently fine-tuning VLAs for new tasks, a key component for adoption. Addressing these challenges, we introduce OpenVLA, a 7B-parameter open-source VLA trained on a diverse collection of 970k real-world robot demonstrations. OpenVLA builds on a Llama 2 language model combined with a visual encoder that fuses pretrained features from DINOv2 and SigLIP. As a product of the added data diversity and new model components, OpenVLA demonstrates strong results for generalist manipulation, outperforming closed models such as RT-2-X (55B) by 16.5% in absolute task success rate across 29 tasks and multiple robot embodiments, with 7x fewer parameters. We further show that we can effectively fine-tune OpenVLA for new settings, with especially strong generalization results in multi-task environments involving multiple objects and strong language grounding abilities, and outperform expressive from-scratch imitation learning methods such as Diffusion Policy by 20.4%. We also explore compute efficiency; as a separate contribution, we show that OpenVLA can be fine-tuned on consumer GPUs via modern low-rank adaptation methods and served efficiently via quantization without a hit to downstream success rate. Finally, we release model checkpoints, fine-tuning notebooks, and our PyTorch codebase with built-in support for training VLAs at scale on Open X-Embodiment datasets.
hub tools
citation-role summary
background 93
baseline 20
method 7
other 2
citation-polarity summary
claims ledger
- abstract Large policies pretrained on a combination of Internet-scale vision-language data and diverse robot demonstrations have the potential to change how we teach robots new skills: rather than training new behaviors from scratch, we can fine-tune such vision-language-action (VLA) models to obtain robust, generalizable policies for visuomotor control. Yet, widespread adoption of VLAs for robotics has been challenging as 1) existing VLAs are largely closed and inaccessible to the public, and 2) prior work fails to explore methods for efficiently fine-tuning VLAs for new tasks, a key component for ado
authors
co-cited works
representative citing papers
JOPAT jointly models pixels, point tracks, and actions in a diffusion transformer and reports gains over pixel-only baselines on long-horizon robot tasks with occlusion and off-screen motion.
VGenST-Bench is a new video benchmark for MLLM spatio-temporal reasoning built via generative synthesis, a multi-agent pipeline with human oversight, a 3x2x2 taxonomy, and hierarchical tasks separating perception from reasoning.
The paper identifies distinct failure mechanisms: excessive posterior-prior regularization erases mode information in latent policies, while smooth base-to-action maps limit mode coverage in generative policies.
EvoScene-VLA maintains an action-updated scene prior across control chunks in VLA policies, raising success rates on RoboTwin tasks from 87.2% to 89.1% fixed and 86.1% to 88.5% randomized while outperforming baselines on a real robot.
A hypernetwork generates complete task-specific visuomotor policy parameters from instructions alone to structurally eliminate observation leakage in language-conditioned robotic control.
Demo-JEPA enables one-shot cross-embodiment imitation by mapping visual demonstrations to shared latent future trajectories that serve as subgoals for the target agent's own forward dynamics planning.
Interaction locality is introduced as a task-geometry-aware measurement framework showing that high-level states in recursive models write locally while recursive updates build broader structures on maze, Sudoku, ARC-AGI, and 3D grounding tasks.
Pion modifies Muon's Newton-Schulz iterations into a controllable high-pass filter that anchors dominant singular values at 1 while suppressing noisy tails, outperforming Muon and AdamW in VLA and RLVR regimes.
Dexora is the first open-source VLA system for dual-arm dual-hand high-DoF manipulation, trained on 100K simulated and 10K real teleoperated trajectories with a discriminator-weighted diffusion policy, achieving 66.7% dexterous success versus 51.7% for baselines.
RoboFlow4D is an end-to-end lightweight flow world model that predicts multi-frame 3D flows from visual observations and textual instructions to provide explicit planning for real-time robotic manipulation.
PCM uses success-failure action variance to probabilistically select and mask chunks for gradient updates in GRPO, matching standard success rates with 2.38x wall-clock speedup and 60% lower memory on LIBERO benchmarks.
WorldVLN proposes the first autoregressive world action model for aerial vision-language navigation that predicts short-horizon latent world states, decodes them to waypoints in closed loop, and uses two-stage training with Action-aware GRPO to achieve over 12% success-rate gains on benchmarks plus零
SkiP introduces action relabeling and Motion Spectrum Keying to skip redundant steps in robot trajectories, cutting executed steps by 15-40% while maintaining success rates across 72 simulated and 3 real tasks.
DSSP is a history-conditioned diffusion state space policy that uses SSMs to encode full observation streams with an auxiliary dynamics objective and hierarchical fusion, achieving SOTA results with reduced model size in robot manipulation.
RotVLA models latent actions as continuous SO(n) rotations with triplet-frame supervision and flow-matching to reach 98.2% success on LIBERO and 89.6%/88.5% on RoboTwin2.0 using a 1.7B-parameter model.
Embedding Temporal Logic (ETL) performs runtime monitoring directly in learned embedding spaces using distance-based predicates composed with temporal operators, supported by conformal calibration for reliable predicate evaluation.
A new VLA model called SI uses a four-step chain-of-thought to derive driving intent and applies it via classifier-free guidance to a flow-matching trajectory generator, showing competitive Waymo scores and intent-controllable plans.
MCF-Proto adds a motion-centric local action frame and prototype parameterization to VLA models, inducing emergent geometric structure and improved robustness from standard demonstrations alone.
Pace-and-Path Correction decomposes a quadratic cost minimization into orthogonal pace and path channels to correct chunked actions in VLA models, raising success rates by up to 28.8% in dynamic settings.
VLATIM benchmark reveals large VLMs excel at high-level planning in physics puzzles but struggle with precise visual grounding and mouse control, so they lack human-like problem-solving capabilities.
VEGA improves spatial reasoning in VLA models for robotics by aligning visual encoder features with 3D-supervised DINOv2 representations via a temporary projector and cosine similarity loss.
SABER provides 44.8K multi-representation action samples from unscripted retail environments that raise a VLA model's mean success rate on ten manipulation tasks from 13.4% to 29.3%.
ECHO organizes VLA experiences into a hierarchical memory tree in hyperbolic space via autoencoder and entailment constraints, delivering a 12.8% success-rate gain on LIBERO-Long over the pi0 baseline.
citing papers explorer
-
FlowHijack: A Dynamics-Aware Backdoor Attack on Flow-Matching Vision-Language-Action Models
FlowHijack is the first dynamics-aware backdoor attack on flow-matching VLAs that achieves high success rates with stealthy triggers while preserving benign performance and making malicious actions kinematically indistinguishable from normal ones.
-
Point Tracking Improves World Action Models
JOPAT jointly models pixels, point tracks, and actions in a diffusion transformer and reports gains over pixel-only baselines on long-horizon robot tasks with occlusion and off-screen motion.
-
VGenST-Bench: A Benchmark for Spatio-Temporal Reasoning via Active Video Synthesis
VGenST-Bench is a new video benchmark for MLLM spatio-temporal reasoning built via generative synthesis, a multi-agent pipeline with human oversight, a 3x2x2 taxonomy, and hierarchical tasks separating perception from reasoning.
-
Understanding Multimodal Failure in Action-Chunking Behavioral Cloning
The paper identifies distinct failure mechanisms: excessive posterior-prior regularization erases mode information in latent policies, while smooth base-to-action maps limit mode coverage in generative policies.
-
EvoScene-VLA: Evolving Scene Beliefs Inside the Action Decoder for Chunked Robot Control
EvoScene-VLA maintains an action-updated scene prior across control chunks in VLA policies, raising success rates on RoboTwin tasks from 87.2% to 89.1% fixed and 86.1% to 88.5% randomized while outperforming baselines on a real robot.
-
DISC: Decoupling Instruction from State-Conditioned Control via Policy Generation
A hypernetwork generates complete task-specific visuomotor policy parameters from instructions alone to structurally eliminate observation leakage in language-conditioned robotic control.
-
Demo-JEPA: Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture for One-shot Cross-Embodiment Imitation
Demo-JEPA enables one-shot cross-embodiment imitation by mapping visual demonstrations to shared latent future trajectories that serve as subgoals for the target agent's own forward dynamics planning.
-
Interaction Locality in Hierarchical Recursive Reasoning
Interaction locality is introduced as a task-geometry-aware measurement framework showing that high-level states in recursive models write locally while recursive updates build broader structures on maze, Sudoku, ARC-AGI, and 3D grounding tasks.
-
Rethinking Muon Beyond Pretraining: Spectral Failures and High-Pass Remedies for VLA and RLVR
Pion modifies Muon's Newton-Schulz iterations into a controllable high-pass filter that anchors dominant singular values at 1 while suppressing noisy tails, outperforming Muon and AdamW in VLA and RLVR regimes.
-
Dexora: Open-source VLA for High-DoF Bimanual Dexterity
Dexora is the first open-source VLA system for dual-arm dual-hand high-DoF manipulation, trained on 100K simulated and 10K real teleoperated trajectories with a discriminator-weighted diffusion policy, achieving 66.7% dexterous success versus 51.7% for baselines.
-
RoboFlow4D: A Lightweight Flow World Model Toward Real-Time Flow-Guided Robotic Manipulation
RoboFlow4D is an end-to-end lightweight flow world model that predicts multi-frame 3D flows from visual observations and textual instructions to provide explicit planning for real-time robotic manipulation.
-
Learn Where Outcomes Diverge: Efficient VLA RL via Probabilistic Chunk Masking
PCM uses success-failure action variance to probabilistically select and mask chunks for gradient updates in GRPO, matching standard success rates with 2.38x wall-clock speedup and 60% lower memory on LIBERO benchmarks.
-
WorldVLN: Autoregressive World Action Model for Aerial Vision-Language Navigation
WorldVLN proposes the first autoregressive world action model for aerial vision-language navigation that predicts short-horizon latent world states, decodes them to waypoints in closed loop, and uses two-stage training with Action-aware GRPO to achieve over 12% success-rate gains on benchmarks plus零
-
SkiP: When to Skip and When to Refine for Efficient Robot Manipulation
SkiP introduces action relabeling and Motion Spectrum Keying to skip redundant steps in robot trajectories, cutting executed steps by 15-40% while maintaining success rates across 72 simulated and 3 real tasks.
-
DSSP: Diffusion State Space Policy with Full-History Encoding
DSSP is a history-conditioned diffusion state space policy that uses SSMs to encode full observation streams with an auxiliary dynamics objective and hierarchical fusion, achieving SOTA results with reduced model size in robot manipulation.
-
RotVLA: Rotational Latent Action for Vision-Language-Action Model
RotVLA models latent actions as continuous SO(n) rotations with triplet-frame supervision and flow-matching to reach 98.2% success on LIBERO and 89.6%/88.5% on RoboTwin2.0 using a 1.7B-parameter model.
-
Runtime Monitoring of Perception-Based Autonomous Systems via Embedding Temporal Logic
Embedding Temporal Logic (ETL) performs runtime monitoring directly in learned embedding spaces using distance-based predicates composed with temporal operators, supported by conformal calibration for reliable predicate evaluation.
-
Action Emergence from Streaming Intent
A new VLA model called SI uses a four-step chain-of-thought to derive driving intent and applies it via classifier-free guidance to a flow-matching trajectory generator, showing competitive Waymo scores and intent-controllable plans.
-
Beyond World-Frame Action Heads: Motion-Centric Action Frames for Vision-Language-Action Models
MCF-Proto adds a motion-centric local action frame and prototype parameterization to VLA models, inducing emergent geometric structure and improved robustness from standard demonstrations alone.
-
Overcoming Dynamics-Blindness: Training-Free Pace-and-Path Correction for VLA Models
Pace-and-Path Correction decomposes a quadratic cost minimization into orthogonal pace and path channels to correct chunked actions in VLA models, raising success rates by up to 28.8% in dynamic settings.
-
Do Vision-Language-Models show human-like logical problem-solving capability in point and click puzzle games?
VLATIM benchmark reveals large VLMs excel at high-level planning in physics puzzles but struggle with precise visual grounding and mouse control, so they lack human-like problem-solving capabilities.
-
VEGA: Visual Encoder Grounding Alignment for Spatially-Aware Vision-Language-Action Models
VEGA improves spatial reasoning in VLA models for robotics by aligning visual encoder features with 3D-supervised DINOv2 representations via a temporary projector and cosine similarity loss.
-
SABER: A Scalable Action-Based Embodied Dataset for Real-World VLA Adaptation
SABER provides 44.8K multi-representation action samples from unscripted retail environments that raise a VLA model's mean success rate on ten manipulation tasks from 13.4% to 29.3%.
-
ECHO: Continuous Hierarchical Memory for Vision-Language-Action Models
ECHO organizes VLA experiences into a hierarchical memory tree in hyperbolic space via autoencoder and entailment constraints, delivering a 12.8% success-rate gain on LIBERO-Long over the pi0 baseline.
-
One Token Per Frame: Reconsidering Visual Bandwidth in World Models for VLA Policy
Reducing visual input to one token per frame in VLA world models maintains or improves long-horizon performance on MetaWorld, LIBERO, and real-robot tasks.
-
NoiseGate: Learning Per-Latent Timestep Schedules as Information Gating in World Action Models
NoiseGate learns per-latent timestep schedules as an information-gating policy in diffusion-based world action models, yielding consistent gains on RoboTwin manipulation tasks.
-
AT-VLA: Adaptive Tactile Injection for Enhanced Feedback Reaction in Vision-Language-Action Models
AT-VLA proposes adaptive tactile injection and a dual-stream tactile reaction mechanism to enhance VLA models for contact-rich robotic manipulation with real-time responses.
-
OA-WAM: Object-Addressable World Action Model for Robust Robot Manipulation
OA-WAM uses persistent address vectors and dynamic content vectors in object slots to enable addressable world-action prediction, improving robustness on manipulation benchmarks under scene changes.
-
Latent State Design for World Models under Sufficiency Constraints
World models succeed when their latent states are built to meet task-specific sufficiency constraints rather than preserving the maximum amount of information.
-
Action Agent: Agentic Video Generation Meets Flow-Constrained Diffusion
Action Agent pairs LLM-driven video generation with a flow-constrained diffusion transformer to produce velocity commands, raising video success to 86% and delivering 64.7% real-world navigation on a Unitree G1 humanoid.
-
Thinking in Text and Images: Interleaved Vision--Language Reasoning Traces for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation
A multimodal transformer generates and caches interleaved text-image traces to guide closed-loop actions, achieving 92.4% success on LIBERO-Long and 95.5% average on LIBERO.
-
Being-H0.7: A Latent World-Action Model from Egocentric Videos
Being-H0.7 adds future-aware latent reasoning to direct VLA policies via dual-branch alignment on latent queries, matching world-model benefits at VLA efficiency.
-
Atomic-Probe Governance for Skill Updates in Compositional Robot Policies
A cross-version swap protocol reveals dominant skills that swing composition success by up to 50 percentage points, and an atomic probe with selective revalidation governs updates at lower cost than always re-testing full compositions.
-
CF-VLA: Efficient Coarse-to-Fine Action Generation for Vision-Language-Action Policies
CF-VLA uses a coarse initialization over endpoint velocity followed by single-step refinement to achieve strong performance with low inference steps on CALVIN, LIBERO, and real-robot tasks.
-
Characterizing Vision-Language-Action Models across XPUs: Constraints and Acceleration for On-Robot Deployment
VLA models exhibit a compute-bound VLM phase followed by a memory-bound action phase on edge hardware; DP-Cache and V-AEFusion reduce redundancy and enable pipeline parallelism for up to 6x speedup on NPUs with marginal task degradation.
-
VistaBot: View-Robust Robot Manipulation via Spatiotemporal-Aware View Synthesis
VistaBot integrates 4D geometry estimation and spatiotemporal view synthesis into action policies to improve cross-view generalization by 2.6-2.8x on a new VGS metric in simulation and real tasks.
-
EmbodiedMidtrain: Bridging the Gap between Vision-Language Models and Vision-Language-Action Models via Mid-training
EmbodiedMidtrain mid-trains VLMs on curated VLA-aligned data subsets to improve downstream performance on robot manipulation benchmarks.
-
Mask World Model: Predicting What Matters for Robust Robot Policy Learning
Mask World Model predicts semantic mask dynamics with video diffusion and integrates it with a diffusion policy head, outperforming RGB world models on LIBERO and RLBench while showing better real-world generalization and texture robustness.
-
${\pi}_{0.7}$: a Steerable Generalist Robotic Foundation Model with Emergent Capabilities
π₀.₇ is a steerable generalist robotic model that uses rich multimodal prompts including language, subgoal images, and performance metadata to achieve out-of-the-box generalization across tasks and robot bodies.
-
3D-Anchored Lookahead Planning for Persistent Robotic Scene Memory via World-Model-Based MCTS
3D-ALP achieves 0.65 success on memory-dependent 5-step robotic reach tasks versus near-zero for reactive baselines by anchoring MCTS planning to a persistent 3D camera-to-world frame.
-
Mosaic: Cross-Modal Clustering for Efficient Video Understanding
Mosaic uses cross-modal clusters as the unit for KVCache organization in VLMs to achieve up to 1.38x speedup in streaming long-video understanding.
-
STRONG-VLA: Decoupled Robustness Learning for Vision-Language-Action Models under Multimodal Perturbations
STRONG-VLA uses decoupled two-stage training to improve VLA model robustness, yielding up to 16% higher task success rates under seen and unseen perturbations on the LIBERO benchmark.
-
CT-1: Vision-Language-Camera Models Transfer Spatial Reasoning Knowledge to Camera-Controllable Video Generation
CT-1 transfers spatial reasoning from vision-language models to estimate camera trajectories, which are then used in a video diffusion model with wavelet regularization to produce controllable videos, claiming 25.7% better accuracy than prior methods.
-
ViVa: A Video-Generative Value Model for Robot Reinforcement Learning
ViVa turns a video generator into a value model for robot RL that jointly forecasts future states and task value, yielding better performance on real-world box assembly when integrated with RECAP.
-
How Far Are Large Multimodal Models from Human-Level Spatial Action? A Benchmark for Goal-Oriented Embodied Navigation in Urban Airspace
Large multimodal models display emerging but limited spatial action capabilities in goal-oriented urban 3D navigation, remaining far from human-level performance with errors diverging rapidly after critical decision points.
-
Action Images: End-to-End Policy Learning via Multiview Video Generation
Action Images turn robot arm motions into interpretable multiview pixel videos, letting video backbones serve as zero-shot policies for end-to-end robot learning.
-
HiPolicy: Hierarchical Multi-Frequency Action Chunking for Policy Learning
HiPolicy is a new hierarchical multi-frequency action chunking method for imitation learning that jointly generates coarse and fine action sequences with entropy-guided execution to improve performance and efficiency in robotic manipulation.
-
QuadAgent: A Responsive Agent System for Vision-Language Guided Quadrotor Agile Flight
QuadAgent uses an asynchronous multi-agent architecture with an Impression Graph for scene memory and vision-based avoidance to enable training-free vision-language guided agile quadrotor flight, outperforming baselines in simulations and achieving real-world speeds up to 5 m/s.
-
VP-VLA: Visual Prompting as an Interface for Vision-Language-Action Models
VP-VLA decouples high-level reasoning from low-level control in VLA models by rendering spatial anchors as visual prompts directly in the RGB observation space, outperforming end-to-end baselines.
-
Generative Control as Optimization: Time Unconditional Flow Matching for Adaptive and Robust Robotic Control
GeCO replaces time-dependent flow matching with time-unconditional optimization, enabling adaptive inference and intrinsic OOD detection for robotic imitation learning.