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Deep Model Fusion: A Survey

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arxiv 2309.15698 v1 pith:WGQKDO72 submitted 2023-09-27 cs.LG cs.AI

Deep Model Fusion: A Survey

classification cs.LG cs.AI
keywords modelfusiondeepmodelsbetterdifferentlearningmethods
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Deep model fusion/merging is an emerging technique that merges the parameters or predictions of multiple deep learning models into a single one. It combines the abilities of different models to make up for the biases and errors of a single model to achieve better performance. However, deep model fusion on large-scale deep learning models (e.g., LLMs and foundation models) faces several challenges, including high computational cost, high-dimensional parameter space, interference between different heterogeneous models, etc. Although model fusion has attracted widespread attention due to its potential to solve complex real-world tasks, there is still a lack of complete and detailed survey research on this technique. Accordingly, in order to understand the model fusion method better and promote its development, we present a comprehensive survey to summarize the recent progress. Specifically, we categorize existing deep model fusion methods as four-fold: (1) "Mode connectivity", which connects the solutions in weight space via a path of non-increasing loss, in order to obtain better initialization for model fusion; (2) "Alignment" matches units between neural networks to create better conditions for fusion; (3) "Weight average", a classical model fusion method, averages the weights of multiple models to obtain more accurate results closer to the optimal solution; (4) "Ensemble learning" combines the outputs of diverse models, which is a foundational technique for improving the accuracy and robustness of the final model. In addition, we analyze the challenges faced by deep model fusion and propose possible research directions for model fusion in the future. Our review is helpful in deeply understanding the correlation between different model fusion methods and practical application methods, which can enlighten the research in the field of deep model fusion.

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Cited by 15 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Model Merging as Probabilistic Inference in Fine-Tuning Parameter Space

    cs.LG 2026-07 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Model merging is cast as PoE inference with EBM experts, revealing Gaussian assumptions in prior work and proposing convergent Cauchy experts that improve empirical performance.

  2. Good Agentic Friends Do Not Just Give Verbal Advice: They Can Update Your Weights

    cs.CL 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    TFlow enables multi-agent LLMs to collaborate via transient low-rank LoRA perturbations derived from sender activations, yielding up to 8.5 accuracy gains and 83% token reduction versus text-based baselines on Qwen3-4...

  3. UIPress: Bringing Optical Token Compression to UI-to-Code Generation

    cs.CL 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    UIPress is the first encoder-side learned optical compression method for UI-to-Code that compresses visual tokens to 256, outperforming the uncompressed baseline by 7.5% CLIP score and the best inference-time baseline...

  4. Enough is as good as a feast: A Comprehensive Analysis of How Reinforcement Learning Mitigates Task Conflicts in LLMs

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0

    RL-trained LLMs keep most of their skills after weight merging, while SFT-trained LLMs drop about 19% on average, because RL keeps parameter updates smaller and more task-compatible.

  5. Personalized Image Aesthetic Assessment via Preference-rich Sample Mining and Cohort Merging

    cs.CV 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0

    PRAC mines preference-rich images and merges LoRA adapters from aesthetically similar users to achieve state-of-the-art personalized aesthetic rating prediction.

  6. PACT: Preserving Anchored Cores in Task-vectors for Model Merging

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    PACT preserves load-bearing wall dimensions from pre-trained weights inside task vectors to reduce conflicts and improve merged model performance.

  7. DLLG: Dynamic Logit-Level Gating of LLM Experts

    cs.CL 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    DLLG learns token-level fusion weights for LLM experts from sparse response supervision and outperforms routing, ensembling, and merging baselines on reasoning and code tasks.

  8. Unlocking the Potential of Continual Model Merging: An ODE Perspective

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Introduces ODE-M, an ODE-based merging method for continual model merging that follows low-loss connecting paths to mitigate catastrophic forgetting.

  9. Unlocking the Potential of Continual Model Merging: An ODE Perspective

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    ODE-M traces low-loss connecting paths via time-dependent velocity fields and barrier constraints to improve controllability and reduce forgetting in continual model merging.

  10. Unlocking the Potential of Continual Model Merging: An ODE Perspective

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    ODE-M formulates continual model merging as a barrier-aware ODE trajectory in parameter space, using first-order feedback and a utility-aware schedule to balance retained knowledge and new task performance.

  11. Can Heterogeneous Language Models Be Fused?

    cs.AI 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    HeteroFusion fuses heterogeneous LLMs via topology-based alignment and conflict-aware denoising, outperforming merging and ensemble baselines in cross-family and multi-source settings.

  12. Efficient and Accurate Method for Separating Variant Components from Invariant Background and Component Model Fusion for Fast RFIC Design Space Exploration

    physics.comp-ph 2026-02 conditional novelty 5.0

    RFIC design sweeps are accelerated about 37x by splitting the field solution into an invariant-background part (solved once) and a small variant-component part, using layer-wise translation symmetry to build the coupl...

  13. Semantic-guided LoRA Parameters Generation

    cs.LG 2025-09 conditional novelty 5.0

    SG-LoRA generates LoRA parameters for unseen tasks from text descriptions alone, using semantic expert selection plus a conditional VAE, matching or exceeding oracle fine-tuning on retrieval benchmarks.

  14. Model Unmerging: Making Your Models Unmergeable for Secure Model Sharing

    cs.LG 2025-09 conditional novelty 5.0

    MergeLock applies random invertible matrix transformations to Transformer attention weights, preserving the model's own output while forcing any merged model's accuracy down to near random.

  15. Model Merging in LLMs, MLLMs, and Beyond: Methods, Theories, Applications and Opportunities

    cs.LG 2024-08 accept novelty 4.0

    The paper introduces a new taxonomy for model merging methods and reviews their applications in LLMs, MLLMs, continual learning, multi-task learning, and other subfields while outlining open challenges.