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Observation of string-breaking dynamics in a quantum simulator
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Spontaneous particle-pair formation is a fundamental phenomenon in nature. It can, for example, appear when the potential energy between two particles increases with separation, as if they were connected by a tense string. Beyond a critical separation, new particle pairs can form, causing the string to break. String-breaking dynamics in quantum chromodynamics play a vital role in high-energy particle collisions and early universe evolution. Simulating string evolution and hadron formation is, therefore, a grand challenge in modern physics. Quantum simulators, well-suited for studying dynamics, are expected to outperform classical computing methods. However, the required experimental capabilities to simulate string-breaking dynamics have not yet been demonstrated, even for simpler models of the strong force. We experimentally probe, for the first time, the spatiotemporal dynamics of string-breaking in a (1+1)-dimensional $\mathbb{Z}_2$ lattice gauge theory using a fully programmable trapped-ion quantum simulator. We emulate external static charges and strings via site-dependent magnetic-field control enabled by a dual array of tightly focused laser beams targeting individual ions. First, we study how confinement affects isolated charges, finding that they freely spread without string tension but exhibit localized oscillations when tension is increased. Then, we observe and characterize string-breaking dynamics of a string stretched between two static charges after an abrupt increase in string tension. Charge pairs appear near the string edges and spread into the bulk, revealing a route to dynamical string-breaking distinct from the conventional Schwinger mechanism. Our work demonstrates that analog quantum simulators have achieved the necessary control to explore string-breaking dynamics, which may ultimately be relevant to nuclear and high-energy physics.
Forward citations
Cited by 16 Pith papers
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Non-Abelian String-Breaking Dynamics on a Qudit Quantum Computer
First experimental quantum simulation of genuine non-Abelian string breaking in an SU(2) pure gauge theory on a qudit trapped-ion computer, resolving oscillations and coherent breaking driven by plaquette interactions.
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Unified resonant-manifold framework for dynamical quantum phase transitions
A resonant-manifold framework unifies manifold and branch DQPTs by attributing them to resonances within the initial manifold and with a transitional manifold connected by low-order processes, shown in Z2 LGT quenches.
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Tightening energy-based boson truncation bound using Monte Carlo-assisted methods
A Monte Carlo-assisted analytic method tightens energy-based bounds on boson truncation errors, substantially reducing the volume dependence of the required cutoff in scalar and gauge theories.
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Tightening energy-based boson truncation bound using Monte Carlo-assisted methods
Monte Carlo-assisted tightening of the energy-based boson truncation bound substantially reduces volume dependence in (1+1)D scalar field theory and (2+1)D U(1) gauge theory.
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Observation of glueball excitations and string breaking in a $2+1$D $\mathbb{Z}_2$ lattice gauge theory on a trapped-ion quantum computer
A trapped-ion quantum computer simulates 2+1D Z2 lattice gauge theory dynamics, revealing glueball excitations and multi-order string breaking.
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Observation of genuine $2+1$D string dynamics in a U$(1)$ lattice gauge theory with a tunable plaquette term on a trapped-ion quantum computer
Quantum simulation on trapped ions shows that a plaquette term in a 2+1D U(1) gauge theory enables string propagation in the plane and extended matter creation, realizing genuine two-dimensional dynamics.
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Thermalization of SU(2) Lattice Gauge Fields on Quantum Computers
Quantum hardware simulation of SU(2) lattice gauge thermalization matches classical extrapolations up to 101 plaquettes after error mitigation, establishing feasibility for chaotic quantum field systems.
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Disorder-Free Localization and Fragmentation in a Non-Abelian Lattice Gauge Theory
A (1+1)D SU(2) lattice gauge theory with dynamical matter exhibits ergodic, fragmented, and disorder-free many-body localized phases under non-Abelian gauge constraints, with the localized regime preserving spatial in...
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Hints for string breaking in QCD
Direct measurement of chromo-electric flux-tube profiles in lattice QCD with physical quark masses indicates string breaking occurs at a quark-antiquark separation between 0.963 and 1.156 fm.
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The nonlocal magic of a holographic Schwinger pair
Holographic Schwinger pair creation generates nonlocal magic for spacetime dimensions d>2, as shown by a non-flat entanglement spectrum that can be read from the probe brane free energy.
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Large Nc Truncations for SU(Nc) Lattice Yang-Mills Theory with Fermions
A multi-part truncation for lattice QCD with fermions enables explicit Hamiltonians in 1+1D and 2+1D and string-breaking simulations by capping basis states, electric energy, fermions per site, and using large-Nc matr...
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The Quantum Complexity of String Breaking in the Schwinger Model
Quantum complexity measures applied to the Schwinger model reveal nonlocal correlations along the string and show that entanglement and magic give complementary views of string formation and breaking.
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A Framework for Quantum Simulations of Energy-Loss and Hadronization in Non-Abelian Gauge Theories: SU(2) Lattice Gauge Theory in 1+1D
A quantum simulation framework is developed and demonstrated for energy loss and hadronization of a heavy quark in 1+1D SU(2) lattice gauge theory on 18 qubits of IBM hardware, with results matching classical simulations.
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Unified resonant-manifold framework for dynamical quantum phase transitions
A resonant-manifold framework unifies manifold and branch DQPTs by linking them to resonances within the initial manifold or a transitional manifold, with regularity tied to manifold multiplicity, shown in Z2 LGT quenches.
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Tightening energy-based boson truncation bound using Monte Carlo-assisted methods
New analytic and Monte Carlo-assisted method tightens energy-based boson truncation bounds, reducing volume dependence in (1+1)D scalar and (2+1)D U(1) gauge theories.
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Quantum Simulation of Gauge Theories for Particle and Nuclear Physics
The talk summarizes the quantum simulation program for lattice gauge theories, covering target problems in dense matter, algorithmic strategies, recent progress, and remaining challenges.
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