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NuScenes-SpatialQA: A Spatial Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Vision-Language Models in Autonomous Driving

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arxiv 2504.03164 v2 pith:MIYECSZL submitted 2025-04-04 cs.CV cs.AI

NuScenes-SpatialQA: A Spatial Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Vision-Language Models in Autonomous Driving

classification cs.CV cs.AI
keywords spatialvlmsautonomousbenchmarkdrivingreasoningunderstandingcapabilities
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Recent advancements in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated strong potential for autonomous driving tasks. However, their spatial understanding and reasoning-key capabilities for autonomous driving-still exhibit significant limitations. Notably, none of the existing benchmarks systematically evaluate VLMs' spatial reasoning capabilities in driving scenarios. To fill this gap, we propose NuScenes-SpatialQA, the first large-scale ground-truth-based Question-Answer (QA) benchmark specifically designed to evaluate the spatial understanding and reasoning capabilities of VLMs in autonomous driving. Built upon the NuScenes dataset, the benchmark is constructed through an automated 3D scene graph generation pipeline and a QA generation pipeline. The benchmark systematically evaluates VLMs' performance in both spatial understanding and reasoning across multiple dimensions. Using this benchmark, we conduct extensive experiments on diverse VLMs, including both general and spatial-enhanced models, providing the first comprehensive evaluation of their spatial capabilities in autonomous driving. Surprisingly, the experimental results show that the spatial-enhanced VLM outperforms in qualitative QA but does not demonstrate competitiveness in quantitative QA. In general, VLMs still face considerable challenges in spatial understanding and reasoning.

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Forward citations

Cited by 13 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

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    cs.CV 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    DriveSpatial benchmark shows the best of 15 VLMs trails humans by 28.4 points on spatiotemporal driving tasks, with cognitive scene construction as the main failure mode.

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    DriveSpatial benchmark shows the strongest of 15 VLMs trails humans by 28.4 points on spatiotemporal tasks, with cognitive scene construction as the primary weakness.

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    Image editing models fail zero-shot visual planning on abstract mazes and queen puzzles but generalize after finetuning, yet still cannot match human zero-shot efficiency.

  4. More than the Sum: Panorama-Language Models for Adverse Omni-Scenes

    cs.CV 2026-03 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Panorama-Language Models with a sparse attention module and PanoVQA dataset deliver superior holistic reasoning on 360° adverse omni-scenes compared to stitched pinhole views.

  5. MonoSR: Open-Vocabulary Spatial Reasoning from Monocular Images

    cs.CV 2025-11 conditional novelty 7.0

    MonoSR is a 1M-question benchmark for spatial reasoning from single photos across indoor, outdoor, and object-centric scenes; current VLMs score roughly 30-40%, and giving models 3D box coordinates lifts them near perfect.

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    MLLMs show a large gap in spatial mathematical reasoning compared to humans, and a new 10,000-problem dataset helps narrow it through training.

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    cs.RO 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0

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    A new contrastive real-image benchmark shows most vision-language models fail spatial relation tasks, while chain-of-thought reasoning models approach human-level accuracy.

  11. AutoVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Adaptive Reasoning and Reinforcement Fine-Tuning

    cs.CV 2025-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    AutoVLA unifies semantic reasoning and trajectory planning in one autoregressive VLA model for end-to-end autonomous driving by tokenizing trajectories into discrete actions and using GRPO reinforcement fine-tuning to...

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  13. DeepSight: Long-Horizon World Modeling via Latent States Prediction for End-to-End Autonomous Driving

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