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arxiv: 2506.17454 · v2 · submitted 2025-06-20 · ✦ hep-ph · hep-ex· hep-th· nucl-ex· nucl-th

Nuclear Cold QCD: Review and Future Strategy

F. Arleo , P. Caucal , A. Deshpande , J. M. Durham , G. M. Innocenti , J. Jalilian-Marian , A. Kusina , M. X. Liu
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Y. Mehtar-Tani C.-J. Na\"im H. Paukkunen S. Platchkov F. Salazar I. Vitev R. Vogt
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 07:41 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph hep-exhep-thnucl-exnucl-th
keywords cold nuclear matterhadron-nucleus collisionsDrell-Yanheavy flavorquarkoniumnuclear QCD effectsElectron-Ion Collider
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0 comments X p. Extension

The pith

Observed modifications in particle yields from hadron-nucleus collisions point to QCD effects in cold nuclear matter that EIC data can distinguish.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review gathers measurements from hard processes such as Drell-Yan production, heavy-flavor creation, and quarkonium formation in collisions of hadrons with nuclei. The data display systematic shifts in yields that vary with particle momentum and rapidity, which the authors tie to interactions inside cold nuclear matter. They lay out how the Electron-Ion Collider can supply the kinematic reach and precision needed to test whether the same suppression mechanisms apply across processes and to gauge the size of non-perturbative contributions. The work supplies a practical sequence of measurements that would turn current hints into clearer statements about nuclear QCD dynamics.

Core claim

By surveying existing hadron-nucleus data on hard processes, the review establishes that modifications in particle yields versus momentum and rapidity encode the action of cold nuclear matter on QCD, and that targeted future measurements at the Electron-Ion Collider will separate competing explanations, including the degree of universality in suppression and the weight of non-perturbative physics.

What carries the argument

Yield modifications as functions of transverse momentum and rapidity across Drell-Yan, heavy-flavor, and quarkonium channels in hadron-nucleus collisions.

If this is right

  • Current hadron-nucleus data already supply useful constraints on nuclear parton distributions at moderate momentum fractions.
  • Comparison of suppression across Drell-Yan, heavy flavor, and quarkonium will test whether one mechanism dominates or whether process dependence appears.
  • Higher-precision EIC runs at varying collision energies will quantify the relative importance of shadowing, energy loss, and other nuclear corrections.
  • Successful isolation of cold effects will improve baseline predictions for interpreting hot-matter signals in heavy-ion collisions.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same logic of using controlled nuclear targets to isolate initial-state effects could be applied to clarify parton distributions inside the proton itself.
  • If the universality holds, the extracted cold-nuclear corrections become portable inputs for modeling any nuclear collision system.
  • A clear separation of mechanisms would also sharpen predictions for rare processes at the LHC where nuclear PDFs enter at high precision.

Load-bearing premise

The changes seen in present data are driven mainly by universal cold nuclear matter effects that can be cleanly separated from other contributions once EIC measurements become available.

What would settle it

If EIC data fail to show consistent patterns of suppression across different hard processes or if the rapidity and momentum dependencies cannot be explained by a single set of cold nuclear matter mechanisms, the current reading of the existing measurements would lose its foundation.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.17454 by A. Deshpande, A. Kusina, C.-J. Na\"im, F. Arleo, F. Salazar, G. M. Innocenti, H. Paukkunen, I. Vitev, J. Jalilian-Marian, J. M. Durham, M. X. Liu, P. Caucal, R. Vogt, S. Platchkov, Y. Mehtar-Tani.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Sketch of an ultraperipheral heavy-ion collision. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Comparison between E866 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. The nuclear dependence of (top) Drell-Yan and (bot [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Nuclear modification ratio for quarks and gluons at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Kinematic phase space of DIS and Drell-Yan data for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. The percent difference between the CGC structure [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. Same as Fig [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. Dependence of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. The nuclear modification factor of forward charged [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11. A compilation of exclusive [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12. Schematic log-log plot showing the parametric de [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: FIG. 13. Induced gluon radiation from a fast parton ex [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: FIG. 14. Extraction of the transport coefficient using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: FIG. 15. Top: Modification of the differential hadron cross [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: FIG. 16. A comparison of the default nNNPDF3.0 set (with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_16.png] view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: FIG. 17. Top: Simplified calculations of parton energy loss [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_17.png] view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: FIG. 18. The distance through nuclear matter traversed by [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_18.png] view at source ↗
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: presents two global extractions of σabs using midrapidity data [427, 428], both of which converge to a value of σabs of a few millibarns, without considering other nuclear effects. The extraction of σabs is affected by both nPDF and FCEL contributions. When RnPDF hA ≲ 1 (in the EMC or shadowing) regions, σabs may be underestimated, if RnPDF hA ≳ 1 (in the antishadowing region), absorption could be overest… view at source ↗
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: FIG. 20. Conceptual diagram of the EIC collision region with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_20.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

This review examines data from hadron-nucleus collisions, primarily focusing on hard processes like Drell-Yan, heavy flavor and quarkonium production. It highlights observed modifications of particle yields as functions of momentum and rapidity, aiming to clarify the underlying QCD effects in cold nuclear matter (CNM). The paper outlines strategies for future experiments, including the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), to distinguish between these effects. Key questions address the universality of suppression mechanisms and the role of non-perturbative physics, providing a road map for upcoming nuclear data.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review article that examines data from hadron-nucleus collisions on modifications to yields in hard processes including Drell-Yan, heavy-flavor, and quarkonium production. It highlights trends as functions of momentum and rapidity to clarify underlying QCD effects in cold nuclear matter, addresses questions on the universality of suppression mechanisms and non-perturbative physics, and outlines strategies for future experiments such as the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) to distinguish between competing effects.

Significance. If the synthesis holds, the review provides a timely consolidation of existing experimental data and theoretical interpretations on cold nuclear QCD. Its strength lies in drawing on multiple independent datasets and prior works to sketch a forward strategy for the EIC era, serving as a useful reference and qualitative roadmap for the community.

minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that the paper 'highlights observed modifications of particle yields' but does not list the specific processes or key trends; adding one sentence summarizing the main data patterns would improve reader orientation.
  2. [Future strategy] The section outlining the EIC strategy would benefit from explicit references to proposed observables, expected kinematic coverage, or luminosity goals to make the roadmap more concrete and actionable.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment of our review on cold nuclear QCD effects in hadron-nucleus collisions and the recommendation for minor revision. We appreciate the recognition that the manuscript consolidates multiple datasets and provides a qualitative roadmap for EIC experiments. No specific major comments were listed in the report, so we interpret the minor revision request as pertaining to general improvements in clarity, references, or presentation.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Review article synthesizes literature with no load-bearing derivations

full rationale

This manuscript is explicitly a review that compiles and interprets existing hadron-nucleus collision data on Drell-Yan, heavy-flavor, and quarkonium production. No new quantitative predictions, first-principles derivations, or fitted models are advanced whose outputs could reduce to inputs by construction. Central statements are qualitative summaries of the literature plus road-mapping for the EIC; the universality and isolability assumptions function only as interpretive framing, not as premises that close a self-referential loop. Multiple independent experimental datasets and external theoretical works are cited, satisfying the criterion for non-circularity. No self-citation chains, ansatze smuggled via prior work, or renaming of known results occur as load-bearing steps.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The review rests on the established framework of perturbative and non-perturbative QCD applied to nuclear targets, without introducing new free parameters, axioms, or entities specific to this work.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption QCD describes the strong interaction in cold nuclear matter at the relevant energy scales.
    Invoked throughout the review as the theoretical basis for interpreting modifications in particle production.

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