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CSBrain: A Cross-scale Spatiotemporal Brain Foundation Model for EEG Decoding

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arxiv 2506.23075 v1 pith:QEJZQYP2 submitted 2025-06-29 cs.HC cs.LGeess.SPq-bio.NC

CSBrain: A Cross-scale Spatiotemporal Brain Foundation Model for EEG Decoding

classification cs.HC cs.LGeess.SPq-bio.NC
keywords cross-scalecsbrainbraindecodingfoundationspatiotemporalmodelactivity
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Understanding and decoding brain activity from electroencephalography (EEG) signals is a fundamental challenge in neuroscience and AI, with applications in cognition, emotion recognition, diagnosis, and brain-computer interfaces. While recent EEG foundation models advance generalized decoding via unified architectures and large-scale pretraining, they adopt a scale-agnostic dense modeling paradigm inherited from NLP and vision. This design neglects a core property of neural activity: cross-scale spatiotemporal structure. EEG task patterns span a wide range of temporal and spatial scales, from short bursts to slow rhythms, and from localized cortical responses to distributed interactions. Ignoring this diversity leads to suboptimal representations and weak generalization. We propose CSBrain, a Cross-scale Spatiotemporal Brain foundation model for generalized EEG decoding. CSBrain introduces: (i) Cross-scale Spatiotemporal Tokenization (CST), which aggregates multi-scale features from localized temporal windows and anatomical brain regions into compact scale-aware tokens; and (ii) Structured Sparse Attention (SSA), which captures cross-window and cross-region dependencies, enhancing scale diversity while removing spurious correlations. CST and SSA are alternately stacked to progressively integrate multi-scale dependencies. Experiments on 11 EEG tasks across 16 datasets show that CSBrain consistently outperforms task-specific and foundation model baselines. These results establish cross-scale modeling as a key inductive bias and position CSBrain as a robust backbone for future brain-AI research.

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Forward citations

Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. EvoBrain: Continual Learning of EEG Foundation Models Across Heterogeneous BCI Tasks

    cs.AI 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    EvoBrain introduces a continual learning method with Neuro-Spectral Task Normalization and Response-Affinity Distillation to enable unified EEG decoding across heterogeneous BCI tasks.

  2. Let EEG Models Learn EEG

    cs.CV 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    JET is a conditional flow matching framework that generates EEG as continuous raw sequences with added constraints for spectral and temporal properties, achieving over 40% lower TS-FID than prior discrete denoising me...

  3. NeuroFlow: Toward Unified Visual Encoding and Decoding from Neural Activity

    cs.LG 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    NeuroFlow is the first unified flow model for bidirectional visual encoding and decoding from neural activity using NeuroVAE and cross-modal flow matching.

  4. PRiSE-EEG: A Prior-Guided Foundation Model with Depth-Stratified Experts for Cross-Paradigm EEG Representation Learning

    eess.SP 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    PRiSE-EEG is a prior-guided EEG foundation model that allocates shared and specialized experts across depth using CKA-derived sigmoid mappings and reports strong cross-paradigm results on 12 benchmarks.

  5. UniBCI: Towards a Unified Pretrained Model for Invasive Brain-Computer Interfaces

    cs.NE 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    UniBCI is a unified pretrained model for invasive neural spike data that uses CST tokenization, IAA attention, and self-supervised masked reconstruction to achieve SOTA downstream performance with better generalizatio...

  6. Brain-OF: An Omnifunctional Foundation Model for fMRI, EEG and MEG

    cs.LG 2026-02 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Brain-OF is a multimodal foundation model for fMRI, EEG and MEG using any-resolution sampling, DINT attention with sparse MoE, and masked temporal-frequency pretraining on ~40 datasets to achieve superior downstream p...

  7. SPOTR: Spatio-temporal Pooling One-Token Reconstruction for Universal Physiological Signal Self-supervised Learning

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    SPOTR is a single-token reconstruction self-supervised pretraining method for EEG, iEEG, ECG, and PPG that reports AUC gains of 4.64-21.71% over baselines under linear probing while cutting latency and memory.

  8. MSCGC-KAN: Multi-scale Causal Graph Convolution and Kolmogorov-Arnold Feature Mapping for EEG Emotion Recognition

    cs.CV 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    MSCGC-KAN adds multi-scale causal graph convolution and Kolmogorov-Arnold feature mapping as a structured task head on a pre-trained CBraMod backbone, reporting balanced accuracy gains of 5.91 and 2.03 points on FACED...

  9. Large-Scale AI and Foundation Models for Neuroscience: A Comprehensive Review

    cs.AI 2025-10 conditional novelty 1.0

    This paper is a survey: it organizes existing foundation-model work in neuroscience into five application domains and lists public datasets, without presenting new experiments.