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arxiv: 2511.23461 · v1 · submitted 2025-11-28 · ✦ hep-ph · hep-ex

Recognition: no theorem link

New Particles at the Z-Pole: Tera-Z factories as discovery and precision machines

Marco Drewes , Juraj Klari\'c , Yuan-Zhen Li
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-17 04:03 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph hep-ex
keywords tera-z factorieslong-lived particlesheavy neutral leptonsaxion-like particlesz bosonfuture lepton collidersdiscovery reachprecision measurements
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0 comments X

The pith

Tera-Z factories can discover new particles with couplings to the Z boson orders of magnitude below current experimental bounds.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Proposed future lepton colliders capable of producing trillions of Z bosons at the Z pole offer a new window on weakly coupled physics. The central argument is that this enormous sample size opens searches for new long-lived particles whose interactions with the Z are far too feeble for existing experiments to detect. When couplings sit near the edge of what has already been ruled out, the same facilities would generate large enough numbers of the new particles to measure their masses, lifetimes, and decay modes with good precision. Simple formulas relating event rates to total Z yield and detector size support these projections and are applied to two concrete cases: heavy neutral leptons and axion-like particles.

Core claim

Tera-Z factories can discover new elementary particles with couplings to the Z-boson that are orders of magnitude smaller than current bounds and, for couplings near currently excluded regions, produce sufficiently large samples to study the new particles' properties in detail. Using simple analytic estimates, the expected event yield in long-lived particle searches depends on the number of produced Z-bosons and on the detector dimensions. Under optimistic assumptions these machines could produce millions of heavy neutral leptons or billions of axion-like particles, turning them into both discovery and precision instruments at once.

What carries the argument

Analytic estimates of long-lived particle event yields that scale with total Z bosons produced and with detector size.

If this is right

  • Particles with couplings too small for current limits become discoverable at these facilities.
  • Near the boundary of excluded parameter space, collected samples reach the size needed for precision measurements of the new particles.
  • The same approach supplies quick sensitivity estimates for other models once the number of Z bosons and detector dimensions are specified.
  • Optimistic production assumptions turn the colliders into factories capable of generating millions or billions of new particles.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The method could be applied immediately to other proposed Z-pole machines or to different long-lived particle signatures not illustrated in the paper.
  • Actual experiment planning would require full simulations to confirm the analytic reach before final detector dimensions are chosen.
  • If the projected yields hold, they would strengthen the case for including long-lived particle triggers and displaced-vertex reconstruction in the baseline design of any Tera-Z facility.

Load-bearing premise

The analytic estimates of event yields give a reliable guide to what full detector simulations would predict for the assumed production rates and dimensions.

What would settle it

A full detector simulation for heavy neutral leptons or axion-like particles that returns event yields substantially lower than the analytic formulas predict for the same Z sample and detector layout.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2511.23461 by Juraj Klari\'c, Marco Drewes, Yuan-Zhen Li.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Left: Production of an LLP X along with Aα. Right: Subsequent decay of X into a multiparticle state Bβ. The number of observable events with l0 < λ < l1 in which X was produced along with Aα and decays into Bβ is then N Aα,Bβ obs = N Aα prod exp(−l0/λ) − exp(−l1/λ) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Left: Feynman diagram representing the HNL production from the decay of an on-shell Z-boson. Right: Feynman diagram symbolically summarising the various HNL decay channels mediated by both the neutral current (20a) and charged current (20b), here repre￾sented by a four-fermion interaction because the gauge boson is off-shell. via both neutral and charged currents, cf [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The dashed lines represent the expected total number of HNL decays inside a cylindrical fiducial volume of diameter dcyl = 10 m and length lcyl = 8.6 m with NZ = 6×1012 and U 2 = U 2 µ , as obtained from (5). We set l0 = 0 to emphasise the fact that any event inside the fiducial volume can in principle be observed. The green line is based on (18) and indicates the regime in which more than Nmin = 4 events … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: The dashed lines indicate the integrated luminosity for which Nmin = 4 HNL decays are expected within the fiducial volume, with all other parameter choices as in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The dashed lines indicate the precision at which the branching ratios in HNL decays can be measured based on (26) with l0 = 400µm and all other parameters as in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Feynman diagrams representing the production of an ALP from an on-shell Z-boson and its subsequent decay into photons, cf. (28). As a benchmark we consider the choice cγZ = −s 2 W cγγ, corresponding to a situation where the ALP only couples to the U(1) hypercharge gauge boson before electroweak symmetry breaking, implying that the production and decay are governed by a single small parameter ϵdec = ϵpro = … view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Upper panel: The dashed lines represent the expected total number of ALP decays (28) inside a cylindrical fiducial volume of diameter dcyl = 10m and length lcyl = 8.6m with NZ = 6 × 1012, as obtained from (5). We set l0 = 0 as this process is in good approximation background-free. The red and blue lines indicate the limitations coming from the integrated luminosity and the detector dimensions, based on (12… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Several proposed future lepton colliders are capable of producing trillions of Z-bosons, including FCC-ee, CEPC, LEP3 and LEP-Z. Such Tera-Z factories can discover new elementary particles with couplings to the Z-boson that are orders of magnitude smaller than current bounds. For couplings near the currently excluded parameter regions they could produce sufficiently large samples to study the new particles' properties in detail, hence acting as a discovery and precision machine in one. Using simple analytic estimates, we quantify the dependence of the expected event yield in long-lived particle searches on the number of produced Z-bosons and on the detector dimensions. From this, we derive estimates for both the discovery reach and the measurement precision attainable at such facilities. While the precision of such estimates of course falls short of proper simulations, the analytic approach is suitable for a quick assessment of the sensitivity for a given design. We illustrate this with two examples, heavy neutral leptons and axion-like particles. Under optimistic assumptions, these could be produced in the millions and billions, respectively, effectively turning future lepton colliders into exotics factories. We provide a code that quickly generates the sensitivity curves displayed in this work and can be extended to other models at https://github.com/liyuanzhen98/LLPatTeraZ.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript claims that proposed Tera-Z factories (FCC-ee, CEPC, LEP3, LEP-Z) producing trillions of Z bosons can discover new elementary particles with Z couplings orders of magnitude below current bounds and, near existing exclusions, yield millions-to-billions of events for precision studies of long-lived particles. Using simple analytic estimates of production and decay-in-detector probabilities that scale with total Z yield and detector dimensions, the authors derive discovery reach and measurement precision for heavy neutral leptons and axion-like particles, while supplying open code to generate the sensitivity curves.

Significance. If the analytic projections hold under detailed scrutiny, the work would materially strengthen the physics case for Tera-Z facilities by positioning them as dual discovery-and-precision machines for the exotic sector. The explicit provision of extensible, open-source code for sensitivity calculations is a clear strength that supports reproducibility and rapid extension to additional models.

major comments (1)
  1. Abstract: the quantitative claims of orders-of-magnitude improvement in reach and of millions (HNL) to billions (ALP) events rest on simple analytic estimates under optimistic assumptions for production rates and detector dimensions; the abstract itself states that 'the precision of such estimates of course falls short of proper simulations', which directly limits in the projected sensitivity gains that constitute the central result.
minor comments (2)
  1. Abstract: a short paragraph clarifying the specific numerical assumptions (e.g., exact detector radii, efficiencies, or background rejection factors) used in the two example calculations would improve transparency without requiring full simulations.
  2. Abstract: the manuscript would benefit from an explicit statement of how the provided code handles the transition from analytic estimates to more realistic acceptance or efficiency corrections.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive overall assessment and for highlighting the importance of clearly communicating the scope and limitations of our analytic estimates. We address the major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Abstract: the quantitative claims of orders-of-magnitude improvement in reach and of millions (HNL) to billions (ALP) events rest on simple analytic estimates under optimistic assumptions for production rates and detector dimensions; the abstract itself states that 'the precision of such estimates of course falls short of proper simulations', which directly limits in the projected sensitivity gains that constitute the central result.

    Authors: We agree that the abstract's quantitative projections rely on simplified analytic estimates and that full detector simulations would be needed for higher precision. This limitation is already explicitly stated in the abstract. The goal of the paper is to provide a transparent, extensible framework for rapid sensitivity estimates rather than final projected reaches; the open-source code is intended to facilitate such extensions and comparisons with simulations. To strengthen clarity, we will revise the abstract to more explicitly frame the results as order-of-magnitude estimates under optimistic assumptions and to emphasize their role as a starting point for detailed studies. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: estimates from standard analytic formulas

full rationale

The paper applies standard production and decay formulas for long-lived particles to collider parameters (Z yield, detector size) to estimate event yields, discovery reach, and precision. These are presented as simple analytic approximations, not as fitted quantities or self-referential definitions. No load-bearing self-citations, uniqueness theorems, or ansatze imported from prior work by the authors appear in the provided text. The derivation remains self-contained and independent of the target sensitivity claims.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Central claims rest on standard assumptions about Z production at future colliders and long-lived particle detection efficiencies, plus optimistic rate assumptions for the example models; no new entities postulated.

free parameters (2)
  • Number of Z bosons produced
    Trillions of Z bosons is taken as input for scaling event yields.
  • Detector dimensions
    Used as variable in analytic estimates of acceptance for long-lived particles.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard formulas for Z boson decays and long-lived particle production and detection apply at future colliders.
    Analytic estimates rely on these established particle physics relations without re-derivation.

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