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JailbreakRadar: Comprehensive Assessment of Jailbreak Attacks Against LLMs

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arxiv 2402.05668 v3 pith:4OWFWFLU submitted 2024-02-08 cs.CR cs.AIcs.CLcs.LG

classification cs.CRcs.AIcs.CLcs.LG
keywords attacksjailbreakdefensesllmsattackcomprehensivetaxonomywork
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Jailbreak attacks aim to bypass the LLMs' safeguards. While researchers have proposed different jailbreak attacks in depth, they have done so in isolation -- either with unaligned settings or comparing a limited range of methods. To fill this gap, we present a large-scale evaluation of various jailbreak attacks. We collect 17 representative jailbreak attacks, summarize their features, and establish a novel jailbreak attack taxonomy. Then we conduct comprehensive measurement and ablation studies across nine aligned LLMs on 160 forbidden questions from 16 violation categories. Also, we test jailbreak attacks under eight advanced defenses. Based on our taxonomy and experiments, we identify some important patterns, such as heuristic-based attacks could achieve high attack success rates but are easy to mitigate by defenses, causing low practicality. Our study offers valuable insights for future research on jailbreak attacks and defenses. We hope our work could help the community avoid incremental work and serve as an effective benchmark tool for practitioners.

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Cited by 16 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. LLM in the Middle: A Systematic Review of Threats and Mitigations to Real-World LLM-based Systems

    cs.CR 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A systematic review that categorizes LLM threats, severity scores, and mitigations across development and operation life cycles and multiple deployment scenarios.

  2. JADES: A Universal Framework for Jailbreak Assessment via Decompositional Scoring

    cs.CR 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    JADES judges jailbreak success by decomposing harmful prompts into weighted sub-questions and scoring each part, claiming 98.5% human agreement and showing prior attack success rates are inflated.

  3. CAVGAN: Unifying Jailbreak and Defense of LLMs via Generative Adversarial Attacks on their Internal Representations

    cs.CR 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A GAN learns to shift malicious prompts into the safe region of an LLM's internal embedding space, and its discriminator is reused as a no-fine-tuning defense filter.

  4. Q-resafe: Assessing Safety Risks and Quantization-aware Safety Patching for Quantized Large Language Models

    cs.LG 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Q-resafe restores much of the safety lost in quantized LLMs by distilling the original model's responses through DPO while selectively updating only safety-critical weights.

  5. AIR-BENCH Live: An Evolving Safety Benchmark for Foundation Models

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    AIR-BENCH Live autonomously extends a safety benchmark using new regulations and regenerates multilingual prompts, showing the new prompts are harder and non-English prompts expose weaker safety.

  6. How Well Do AI Systems Solve AP Physics? A Comparative Evaluation of Large Language Models on Algebra-Based Free Response Questions

    physics.ed-ph 2026-03 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    ChatGPT 4.1 mini, Gemini 2.5 Flash, Claude 4.0 Sonnet, and DeepSeek R1 average 82–92% on AP Physics 1/2 free-response questions but systematically fail spatial, visual, and conceptual tasks.

  7. Turning the Spell Around: Lightweight Alignment Amplification via Rank-One Safety Injection

    cs.CL 2025-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    ROSI bakes the refusal direction into a model's weight matrices via a rank-one update, raising refusal and jailbreak robustness with minimal measured utility cost.

  8. SALMAN: Stability Analysis of Language Models Through the Maps Between Graph-based Manifolds

    cs.LG 2025-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    SALMAN ranks each text sample's fragility via the distortion between input and output embedding distances and uses the ranking to improve attack success rates and fine-tuning robustness.

  9. Layer-Wise Perturbations via Sparse Autoencoders for Adversarial Text Generation

    cs.CL 2025-08 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    Sparse autoencoder activation perturbation (SFPF) applied on top of existing jailbreak prompts raises attack success rate on Qwen3-32B, but with no defense evaluation and weak reproducibility.

  10. An Audit and Analysis of LLM-Assisted Health Misinformation Jailbreaks Against LLMs

    cs.CL 2025-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    LLM-generated jailbreak prompts elicited health misinformation from GPT-3.5, Llama 3.1-8B, and Gemini 2.0 Flash at high rates, and both LLM judges and simple classifiers detected the resulting texts with high accuracy.

  11. Linearly Decoding Refused Knowledge in Aligned Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Linear probes recover jailbreak-only answers from aligned models' hidden states, sometimes transfer from base models, and correlate with pairwise preference rankings.

  12. Understanding How University Guidelines Address Privacy and Security Issues of Generative AI in Academic Settings

    cs.HC 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Qualitative analysis of 46 university GenAI policy documents shows privacy and security concerns are acknowledged but inconsistently addressed, with vague terminology, reliance on existing frameworks, and limited conc...

  13. InfoFlood: Jailbreaking Large Language Models with Information Overload

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    InfoFlood claims near-perfect jailbreak success on four frontier LLMs by rewriting harmful queries into verbose academic prose with fake citations, past-tense framing, and ethical disclaimers, without adversarial suffixes.

  14. Beyond Jailbreaks: Revealing Stealthier and Broader LLM Security Risks Stemming from Alignment Failures

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    JailFlipBench and JailFlip attacks show that leading LLMs can be made to answer benign-looking questions with plausible but factually wrong and dangerous responses.

  15. GuardVal: Dynamic Large Language Model Jailbreak Evaluation for Comprehensive Safety Testing

    cs.LG 2025-07 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    GuardVal combines role-playing jailbreak generation with an Adam-inspired optimizer and an Overall Safety Value metric, but the method is underspecified and not validated with released code or data.

  16. Investigating Vulnerabilities and Defenses Against Audio-Visual Attacks: A Comprehensive Survey Emphasizing Multimodal Models

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A survey that organizes audio and video AI security research into adversarial, backdoor, and jailbreak attacks, with extra attention to multimodal large language models.

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