Unquenched Charmonium and Beyond

Dian-Yong Chen; Jun-Zhang Wang; Qi-Huang; Si-Qiang Luo; Xiang Liu; Zi-Yue Bai

REVIEW 4 major objections 4 minor 16 cited by

Hadronic loops, not exotic particles, may explain the XYZ charmonium puzzles.

Reviewed by Pith at T0; open to challenge. T0 means a machine referee read the full paper against a public rubric. the ladder, T0–T4 →

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T0 review · deepseek-v4-flash

2026-08-02 21:30 UTC pith:7TI5CCFV

load-bearing objection A comprehensive but self-referential review of the Lanzhou unquenched-charmonium program; the thesis that coupled-channel effects matter is plausible, but the quantitative evidence is softer than the abstract claims. the 4 major comments →

arxiv 2602.19887 v2 pith:7TI5CCFV submitted 2026-02-23 hep-ph hep-exhep-latnucl-th

Unquenched Charmonium and Beyond

Zi-Yue Bai , Dian-Yong Chen , Qi-Huang , Xiang Liu , Si-Qiang Luo , Jun-Zhang Wang This is my paper

classification hep-ph hep-exhep-latnucl-th

keywords charmonium spectroscopyunquenched QCDhadronic loop mechanismcoupled-channel effectsXYZ statesexotic hadronsY(4220)initial single pion emission

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review argues that the apparent failures of quenched quark models—which treat charmonium as a pure charm-anticharm pair—are systematic, and that adding coupled-channel effects (hadronic loops of charmed mesons) resolves a long list of puzzles: the rho-pi decay-rule violation, the unusually large non-D-Dbar width of psi(3770), the low mass of X(3872), the peculiar pair X(3915)/Z(3930), the Y(4260) problem, and the charged states Z_c(3900) and Z_b(10610). The central idea is that physical charmonia are mixtures of a bare c-cbar core and virtual charmed-meson pairs; the resulting mass shifts and interference patterns reproduce data that quenched models miss, including line shapes and branching ratios. The payoff is that many states usually labelled exotic become ordinary consequences of these unquenched dynamics, and the same machinery extends to bottomonium and light-flavor vector mesons. The quantitative price is an empirical form-factor cutoff, Lambda = m_E + alpha Lambda_QCD, with alpha tuned case by case.

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that the unquenched picture—in which charmonium states couple to charmed-meson-pair channels through hadronic loops—is the essential ingredient for a unified description of the charmonium-like XYZ states and their decay anomalies. The review walks through the evidence: hadronic loops supply the long-distance amplitude that destructively interferes with the short-distance three-gluon amplitude in J/psi and psi(3686) decays, solving the rho-pi puzzle; the same loops generate the unexpectedly large non-D-Dbar branching fraction of psi(3770); coupled-channel mass shifts pull X(3872) down to the D-Dbar* threshold and explain the near-degeneracy and narrow width of X(3

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the hadronic loop: a charmonium state dissociates into a virtual D(*) Dbar(*) pair, which rescatters through exchange of a third charmed meson into the observed light final state. Its amplitude is regulated by a monopole or dipole form factor with cutoff Lambda = m_E + alpha Lambda_QCD, alpha being a free parameter fixed per channel. Around this core, the review assembles three auxiliary mechanisms: coupled-channel mass equations (quantum-mechanical mass-shift and field-theoretic once-subtracted dispersion relations) that shift bare quark-model masses; coherent interference between a direct e+e- annihilation amplitude and known charmonium-resonance amplitudes to bu

Load-bearing premise

All quantitative results rely on the empirical form-factor regularization with cutoff Lambda = m_E + alpha Lambda_QCD and on alpha being tuned separately for each channel; if this regularization is not a faithful stand-in for the true coupled-channel dynamics, the claimed solutions reduce to re-describing the fitted inputs.

What would settle it

A global fit of a single alpha (plus a minimal set of couplings) to all the reviewed channels—rho-pi, psi(3770) non-DDbar, X(3915) to J/psi omega, chi_c1 to omega phi, Y(4220) width, and the Z_c production line shapes—with no per-channel tuning. If the resulting predictions miss the measured branching ratios or line shapes by an order of magnitude (the chi_c1 to omega phi discrepancy cited in the review already hints at this), the unquenched-loop framework as formulated is ruled out. An independent lattice-QCD computation of the charmonium self-energy and its mass shifts would provide the same

Watch this falsifier — get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

If this is right

Most XYZ states can be assigned to conventional charmonium or to loop/interference artifacts without needing compact tetraquarks or hybrids.
The rho-pi puzzle and other 12%-rule violations follow from destructive interference between the short-distance three-gluon amplitude and long-distance charmed-meson loops.
X(3915) and Z(3930) are both conventional 2P charmonia: the small mass gap comes from opposite-signed coupled-channel shifts, and the narrow width of X(3915) from node suppression in the radial wave function.
Y(4260) is not a single resonance; its line shape is interference of psi(4160), psi(4415), and a direct amplitude, while Y(4220) is a genuine narrow state with a predicted partner near 4.38 GeV.
Z_c(3900) and Z_b(10610) can be produced by initial single pion emission, and additional charged Z_cs states are predicted.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Editorial extension: if the hadronic-loop mechanism is the real underlying description, the tuned cutoff parameter alpha should become a single universal constant when all channels are fitted simultaneously; the spread of values quoted in the review is the most direct lever for testing the framework.
Editorial extension: the same unquenched dynamics suggest that many other near-threshold enhancements in heavy-quark spectroscopy, beyond the XYZ set, may be loop artifacts; a systematic unquenched re-analysis of the known spectrum is a natural next step.
Editorial extension: a sharp test would be the psi(3770) to gamma eta_c and chi_c2(2P) to D Dbar branching ratios, where the loop amplitude is not drowned by the short-distance term.
Editorial extension: energy-dependent phase analysis of high-statistics e+e- scans could distinguish genuine poles from interference bumps; under the review's own scheme, Y(4320) and Y(4390) would dissolve as independent states.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

A comprehensive but self-referential review of the Lanzhou unquenched-charmonium program; the thesis that coupled-channel effects matter is plausible, but the quantitative evidence is softer than the abstract claims.

read the letter

The paper is a review, not a new result. It synthesizes two decades of the Lanzhou group's work on unquenched charmonium, arguing that hadronic loops and coupled-channel effects are essential for understanding the XYZ states and associated decay puzzles. That central thesis is defensible—threshold effects and coupled-channel dynamics are independently supported in the literature. What the paper does well is organize a large body of phenomenology into one narrative, and it is genuinely honest about its failures: the chi_c1→ωφ prediction misses the measured branching ratio by about two orders of magnitude, the ψ(3D) partner is not seen, and the PDG omits X(3860). The authors report these limitations rather than hiding them, which is more than many reviews do.

The soft spots are real but proportionate. The load-bearing calculations rest on a monopole/dipole form factor with cutoff Λ = m_E + αΛ_QCD, and α is tuned per channel: 0.13 for ρπ, 1.14–1.28 for χ_c1→K*Kbar, 1–4 for X(3915)→J/ψω. Over those ranges, computed widths swing by orders of magnitude. The paper frames the ρπ and ψ(3770) analyses as 'solutions,' but they are fits to two channels that then predict others. The Y(4220)=ψ(4S) assignment is put into the calibrating mass set, and the 4S–3D mixing angle is extracted from the very state it is meant to explain. The abstract's 'compelling solutions' language overstates what a per-channel-tuned phenomenological model has established, especially given the admitted ωφ failure.

That said, the paper is not a takedown. It is a useful, clearly written review of a specific research program, with enough self-criticism that a careful reader can separate the qualitative message—unquenched effects matter—from the quantitative claims that still need a global-alpha cross-check and proper comparison with tetraquark, molecular, and hybrid alternatives. I would not cite it for specific numbers, but I would point students to it as an entry point into the Lanzhou program and the Y-problem literature.

I would send it to peer review. A good referee can push the authors to mark fitted versus predicted results, test a common α across channels, and tone down the abstract. The review deserves referee time, not a desk rejection.

Referee Report

4 major / 4 minor

Summary. This review argues that the observed spectrum of charmonium-like XYZ states and the long-standing anomalies in charmonium decays require a departure from quenched potential models. Its central mechanism is the hadronic loop/coupled-channel effect, regulated by a monopole/dipole form factor, which is used to explain the rho-pi puzzle, the large non-DDbar width of psi(3770), helicity-selection-rule violations, the X(3872)/X(3915)/Z(3930) 2P spectroscopy, and the Y problem, and to predict charged Z_b/Z_c states through the initial single pion emission mechanism. The review extends the same picture to bottomonium and light vector mesons, and thus presents itself as a unified framework. It is a synthesis of a large body of work, much of it from the authors' own group.

Significance. If the quantitative hadronic-loop calculations are reliable, this is a significant synthesis with falsifiable predictions (e.g., psi(4380), Z_cs structures, chi_c2 -> K* Kbar, psi(3770) -> gamma eta_c) and with an honest disclosure of failures such as chi_c1 -> omega phi and the missing psi(3D) partner. The strengths are the breadth of the compilation, the explicit list of puzzles, and the clearly presented calculational scheme. However, the central claim that the unquenched picture gives 'compelling solutions' is not yet supported at the quantitative level: the form-factor cutoff parameter alpha is adjusted separately in most applications, and at least one flagship prediction misses data by two orders of magnitude. Without a global-alpha consistency test, the review's headline conclusion overstates the evidence.

major comments (4)

[§2.2, Eq. (4); §2.2.1; §2.2.3.1; §3.3.3] The quantitative engine of the review is the hadronic-loop amplitude regulated by the form factor with cutoff Lambda = m_E + alpha Lambda_QCD. The parameter alpha is not universal: it is 0.13 in the rho-pi fit (§2.2.1), 1.14-1.28 for chi_c1 -> K*Kbar, 0.98±0.27 for M1 transitions (§2.2.3.2), and 1-4 for X(3915)->J/psi omega (§3.3.3). Predicted widths vary by more than an order of magnitude over the allowed ranges (e.g., 3.5×10^-3 to 0.15 MeV for X(3915)->J/psi omega). Since many observables are computed after alpha is adjusted in the same or a closely related channel, the abstract's claim of a unified, essential description is not established. The authors should perform and report a global-alpha cross-check: fix one alpha (or a physically motivated alpha extracted from one well-measured channel) and compare with all the rates in Tables 2-4 and the X(3915)/Y-sector results, or explicitly
[§2.2.3.1, Table 3] Table 3 shows a two-order-of-magnitude failure: chi_c1 -> omega phi is predicted at (2.5-6.9)×10^-7 in Ref. [63] while the measured value is (2.2±0.6±0.2)×10^-5. The text acknowledges the discrepancy but still counts the hadronic-loop mechanism as providing a consistent description of the chi_c1 -> VV anomalies. This is load-bearing because chi_c1 -> omega phi is a double-OZI/helicity-suppressed channel central to the application. The authors should either supply an explicit mechanism (e.g., revised omega-phi mixing or an extra amplitude) that brings the prediction within a factor of a few, or list this channel as an unresolved failure and temper the corresponding conclusion.
[§4.4.2-§4.4.3] The Y-problem solution is built on Y(4220) as a 'scaling point'. The mass spectrum is fitted with Y(4220) assigned as psi(4S), and the 4S-3D mixing angle theta is constrained by the Y(4220) mass to predict the psi(4380) partner. The paper itself states that 'there is no experimental evidence supporting the existence of its partner psi(3D) state' (§4.4.2). The later claim that a coupled-channel mechanism 'explains the origin of such a large mixing angle' is deferred to §4.5.1, but no quantitative derivation appears in the review. Thus the psi(4380) prediction is to a large extent a fit-informed assignment rather than an independent falsifiable outcome. The authors should present the coupled-channel computation of theta with uncertainties and state explicitly which e+e- datasets constrain psi(4380), including channels where it is not observed.
[§4.4.1] The numerical evidence for Y(4220) as a genuine resonance rests on the 2R vs 3R fit comparison. The printed chi^2/n.d.f. values are internally inconsistent: for e+e- -> D0 D*- pi+ the 3R fit is quoted as 226/78 while the 2R fit is 69/74, i.e., the fit worsens when Y(4220) is added, contradicting the sentence that the fit quality 'dramatically improves'. If this is a typographical error, it must be corrected and the correct values checked; if not, the D0 D*- pi+ channel actually argues against the need for Y(4220) and the conclusion must be re-examined.

minor comments (4)

[§2.1.1, Eq. (2) and Table 1] The branching ratios for K+ K*(892)- + c.c. are given with contradictory powers of ten in Eq. (2) and Table 1 (10^-5 vs 10^-3 for psi(3686), and 10^-3 vs 10^-1 for J/psi). Please reconcile with the PDG values.
[§2.2, §3.3.2, §3.3.4] There are several typographical errors that should be corrected, including 'mechanim' in the §2.2 heading, 'bewteen' in §3.3.2, and 'disappeare' in §3.3.4.
[Footnote 2 and §3.3.2] The main text uses the large width of X(3860) as a decisive argument against identifying it as chi_c0(2P), while the footnote notes that X(3860) is omitted from the PDG summary table and that the J^PC preference is only 2.5 sigma. Please frame this as a tentative argument rather than as established input.
[Abstract and §1] The phrase 'compelling solutions' and the 'paradigm shift' framing are stronger than the quantitative evidence presented in the body. The abstract should echo the caveats about alpha-tuning and the chi_c1->omega phi failure that the body honestly contains.

Circularity Check

3 steps flagged

Several 'unquenched' solutions are parameterized to the very data they claim to explain: the ρπ puzzle, χ_c1→γV decays, and the Y(4220)-centered spectrum.

specific steps

fitted input called prediction [Section 2.2.1, Decoding the ρπ puzzle through the hadronic loop mechanism]
"The model is constrained using the experimental branching ratios for two reference channels: J/ψ→ρ0π0 and J/ψ→K∗+K−+c.c.. A global fit yields the parameter values: α=0.13, |G_S^PV|=4.51×10^-3 GeV^-1. With these parameters fixed, predictions are made for all other J/ψ→PV channels. ... By fixing the relevant parameters with the experimental data for J/ψ, ψ′→ρπ and K∗K¯+c.c., they reached a similar conclusion: the destructive interference between the long-distance charmed-meson loops and the short-distance amplitudes in ψ′ decays leads to the observed deviations from the “12% rule”."

The ρπ and K*K branching ratios that define the puzzle are the fitting inputs. The 'destructive interference' that is claimed to explain the suppressed ρπ channel is therefore a property of the fit, not a prediction. The ψ′ suppression is likewise reproduced only after fixing parameters to the ψ′→ρπ and K*K data, so the 'solution' reduces to re-describing the input anomalies.
fitted input called prediction [Section 2.2.3.2, Radiative decays (χ_c1→γV)]
"The corresponding α ranges for χ_c1→γρ0, γω, γϕ are 2.18<α<2.35, 2.06<α<2.28, and 1.16<α<2.77, respectively, all of which lie within a reasonable parameter space. Notably, a common α range of 2.18<α<2.28 is found for all three radiative decay channels. Thus, the hadronic loop mechanism can serve as the underlying source that reduces the discrepancy..."

α is not fixed a priori; for each channel the α interval is selected as the range where the theoretical curve overlaps the measured branching ratio. The 'common α range' is an intersection of three individually fitted intervals, so it is a post-fit consistency check rather than a parameter-free prediction. Presenting this as evidence that the hadronic loop mechanism is 'the underlying source' turns the fit into a purported explanation.
fitted input called prediction [Section 4.4.2, Y(4220) as a scaling point to reconstruct J/ψ family within the unquenched picture; Section 4.4 intro]
"By fitting the masses of fourteen experimentally established charmonium states, including ... together with Y(4220) assigned as the ψ(4S) state, all model parameters can be constrained, which induced the mass of ψ(4S) as 4274 MeV. ... the identification of Y(4220)—a narrow structure near 4.2 GeV—as a scaling point for constructing the higher charmonium family within an unquenched framework, and the emergence of a distinctive mass spectrum for vector charmonia in the 4-4.5 GeV region, which aligns with all available experimental data..."

Y(4220) is an explicit fitting input: it is one of the states used to constrain the model parameters and is called the 'scaling point' for the higher charmonium spectrum. The later statement that the resulting 4–4.5 GeV mass spectrum 'aligns with all available experimental data' is therefore partly guaranteed by construction, since Y(4220) itself is in the fitted data set. The associated 'prediction' of the partner ψ(4380) is then 'confirmed' by adding a free resonance to a fit, further weakening the independence of the test.

full rationale

The review's central claim—that the unquenched picture is essential and provides compelling solutions—is supported largely by hadronic-loop calculations whose cutoff parameter α is tuned per process or per observable. Three explicit examples are flagged. In the ρπ puzzle, the same anomalous branching ratios used to fix α and the effective short-distance coupling are then said to be explained by destructive interference. In χ_c1→γV, α ranges are selected channel-by-channel by requiring overlap with experiment, and the existence of a common interval is offered as evidence. In the Y-problem sector, Y(4220) is explicitly used as a fitting input and 'scaling point'; its presence in the resulting spectrum cannot be counted as a prediction. These are not merely 'non-consensus' concerns but specific reductions of 'solutions' to the data they were fitted to. At the same time, the paper includes genuine external experimental data and some earlier parameter-free structural arguments (e.g., the 2014 mass-gap estimate of a narrow state near 4.26 GeV), so the circularity is partial rather than total. The score of 6 reflects that several central 'predictions' reduce by construction while the overall enterprise retains independent phenomenological content.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

7 free parameters · 6 axioms · 2 invented entities

The review's central argument — unquenched hadronic loops explain the XYZ anomalies — carries a large upstream debt: (i) quantitative loop amplitudes depend on an empirical form-factor cutoff Λ = m_E + αΛ_QCD with α fitted per application; (ii) the 'bare masses' on which loop shifts act come from quenched quark models fitted to the same spectrum; (iii) the Y-problem narrative relies on the assignment Y(4220) = ψ(4S) built into the calibrating mass set; (iv) universality to bottomonium and light flavor is asserted rather than derived. The predicted entities (ψ(4380), Z_cs states) do carry falsifiable handles, keeping the ledger from being purely circular.

free parameters (7)

α (hadronic-loop form-factor cutoff) = varies per channel: 0.13; 0.8–1.3; 1.14–1.28; 2.18–2.28; 1–4
Λ = m_E + αΛ_QCD with Λ_QCD = 220 MeV (Eq. 4); α is fitted to the very branching ratios the loop calculation claims to explain; results vary by orders of magnitude over the admitted α ranges.
|G_S^PV| short-distance J/ψ→VP coupling = 4.51×10^-3 GeV^-1
§2.2.1: global fit to J/ψ→ρ0π0 and J/ψ→K*K−; the other VP channels are then presented as predictions using this fitted universal coupling.
ω–ϕ mixing angle θ = 3.4° ± 0.2°
§2.2.3.1 Eq. (10), taken from prior literature; the χ_c1→ωϕ prediction at this angle fails by ~10^2, exposing the framework's quantitative sensitivity to this input.
4S–3D mixing angle θ_4S−3D = ±(30°–36°)
§4.4.3 Eqs. (44)–(46): chosen so that the lower eigenstate reproduces the Y(4220) mass interval; the partner ψ(4380) is then 'predicted' from this calibrated angle.
Subtraction point s0 in once-subtracted dispersion relation = s0 = m_J/ψ²
§3.2 Eq. (26): the −81 MeV shift that brings χ_c1(2P) to the X(3872) mass depends on this choice and on the transition-amplitude normalization from the QPC model.
Screened-potential parameters (σ, μ, ε_i) = σ = 0.26–0.32 GeV²; μ ≈ 0.14–0.16 GeV; ε_i per interaction type
§4.2.2/§4.4.2: the unquenched potential model is calibrated on the masses of 14 established states plus Y(4220) assigned as ψ(4S) (Ref. [300]); the resulting mass 4274 MeV is an output of a fit that already contains the state being identified.
Fano-like interference background (normalization g, slope a, phases ϕ_k) = g, a, ϕ_k (fit; no table in excerpt)
§4.4.1 formula: the conclusion that Y(4320)/Y(4390) are 'killed' as independent states depends on this empirical background parameterization and the chosen resonant amplitudes.

axioms (6)

ad hoc to paper Loop amplitudes regularized by the empirical monopole/dipole form factor with cutoff Λ = m_E + αΛ_QCD dominate the long-distance physics
Eq. (4) and variants throughout §§2.2, 3.3.3; this is the paper's central modeling assumption, not derived from QCD.
domain assumption Two-body charmed-meson channels (D̄D, D̄D*, D*D̄*) dominate coupled-channel self-energies and rescattering amplitudes
§§3.2 (Eqs. 17–19) and 2.2; multi-meson and three-body intermediate states are neglected.
domain assumption Quenched quark-model (Cornell/GI) masses are legitimate 'bare' masses on which loop corrections act
§3.2 Eq. (17): M0 = 3.936 GeV from the GI model for χ_c1(2P); the quoted −81 MeV shift presupposes this bare value.
standard math The 12% rule and helicity selection rule give the correct quenched baseline
§2.1, Eq. (1): the 'puzzles' are defined as deviations from these perturbative QCD expectations.
ad hoc to paper Inference to best explanation: an anomaly reproduced by the hadronic-loop mechanism is caused by that mechanism
The review's overarching argument; no uniqueness proof rules out rival mechanisms (molecules, tetraquarks, hybrids, triangle singularities) producing the same line shapes.
ad hoc to paper Universality: unquenched effects apply equally to bottomonium and light-flavor sectors
§1: 'this effect is universally present in all hadrons', and §7; asserted as an extrapolation from the charmonium applications reviewed.

invented entities (2)

ψ(4380) (4S–3D mixed partner of Y(4220)) independent evidence
purpose: Replaces the Y(4320)/Y(4390) structures and the e+e−→D D̄*_2(2460) enhancement near 4.37 GeV with a single mixed charmonium state; provides a testable partner for Y(4220).
Predicted mass 4.364–4.400 GeV, dilepton width ~0.25–0.30 keV, and a distinctive DD*_2(2460) decay mode; the review reports a subsequent 4R fit to BESIII ψ(3686)π+π− data finding m = 4374 ± 13 MeV. The entity was introduced in earlier group papers (Ref. [300]), but it has a falsifiable handle.
Z_cs / isoscalar Z_c partner structures independent evidence
purpose: Charged hidden-charm(-strange) four-quark candidates generated by initial single (chiral) pion emission, predicted in J/ψπ±, ψ(3686)π±, and h_cπ± spectra.
Searchable in BESIII/Belle II data; the review cites partial experimental support, though at the time of writing the Z_cs signals are not firmly established.

pith-pipeline@v1.3.0-alltime-deepseek · 63764 in / 22165 out tokens · 196482 ms · 2026-08-02T21:30:08.237808+00:00 · methodology

0 comments

read the original abstract

The year 2024 marked the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the $J/\psi$ particle, which unveiled the charm quark and the charmonium spectrum, instigating the "November Revolution" in particle physics. This discovery catalyzed the development of quenched potential models, most notably the Cornell model, which provided a foundational quantitative description of the hadronic spectrum. However, the landscape of hadron spectroscopy has been profoundly transformed since the turn of the 21st century with the observation of numerous charmonium-like states, such as $X(3872)$, which exhibit properties starkly at odds with quenched model predictions. These discrepancies, exemplified by the "$X(3872)$ low-mass puzzle" and the "$Y$ problem" associated with vector states like $Y(4260)$, underscore the critical limitations of the quenched approximation and signal the necessity for a new theoretical paradigm. This review synthesizes recent advances in hadronic spectroscopy, arguing that the unquenched picture, which incorporates coupled-channel effects such as hadronic loops, is essential for a unified description of these new states and associated anomalies. We demonstrate how unquenched effects provide compelling solutions to long-standing puzzles in charmonium decays (e.g., the "$\rho\pi$ puzzle" and anomalous dipion transitions), predict and explain the existence of exotic charged states like $Z_c(3900)$ and $Z_b(10610)$ via mechanisms such as Initial Single Pion Emission, and offer a framework for understanding interactions between charmonia and with nucleons. Furthermore, we emphasize the universality of unquenched effects, extending their application to bottomonium and light-flavor sectors. As experimental precision continues to improve, we advocate for the systematic development of unquenched hadronic spectroscopy.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2602.19887 by Dian-Yong Chen, Jun-Zhang Wang, Qi-Huang, Si-Qiang Luo, Xiang Liu, Zi-Yue Bai.

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Comparison of the dipion invariant-mass distribution between the experimental measurement [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Quark-level short-distance contribution for the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_3.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Quark-level (left) and hadron level (right) long-distance contribution for the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_4.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Feynman diagrams for J/ψ → ρ 0π 0 via D (∗) -meson loops. Diagrams (a)–(f) involve neutral charmed mesons; charged-meson loops follow by replacement D (∗)0 → D (∗)± . Adapted from Ref. [59]. The dominant long-distance contribution is modeled by the hadronic loop mechanism, where the J/ψ couples to the final state via virtual intermediate charmed mesons (D (∗) , D (∗) s ). In [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_… view at source ↗

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Quark- and hadron-level Feynman diagrams illustrating the hadronic loop transitions [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_6.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Left panel: The decay widths for the non- [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_7.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: t-channel (a, b) and s-channel (c) hadronic loop of ψ(3770) → VP. Figure adapted from Ref. [62]. Both Refs. [62] and [61] find that the t-channel transitions appear to play a dominant role in the ψ(3770) → VP decays, whereas the s-channel and EM contributions are generally small and negligible. Ref. [62] obtained the total branching ratio of about 0.64% for all non-DD VP ¯ channels of ψ(3770), consistent w… view at source ↗

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: Hadronic loop contributions to χc1 → VV at the quark and hadron levels. The ellipsis indicates additional hadron level diagrams obtained via the charge-conjugation operation D (∗) (s) ⇌ D¯ (∗) (s) . Figure adapted from Ref. [63] The processes χc1 → VV proceed via the hadronic loop mechanism as illustrated in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_9.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 10.** Figure 10: Contour plots showing the dependence of BR(χc1 → ωω), BR(χc1 → ϕϕ), and BR(χc1 → ωϕ) on the parameters θ and α. The region between the two vertical solid lines denotes the range allowed by the 1σ uncertainty of the mixing angle θ. The figure is adapted from Ref. [63]. written as [63] M(P) = Z d 4q (2π) 4 [igχc1DD∗ ϵσ][−igDDV(p1 + q) · ϵ ∗ 3 ][2i fD∗DVεµναβ p µ 4 ϵ ∗ν 4 (q α − p α 2 )] × i p 2 1 − m2 D i p… view at source ↗

**Figure 11.** Figure 11: Hadronic loop diagrams illustrating the long-distance contributions of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_11.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 12.** Figure 12: Feynman diagrams for the J/ψ → γηc process in the hadronic loop mechanism. The left panel shows the triangle diagram contributions, while the right panel shows the contact terms. Similar diagrams also occur in ψ ′ → γηc and γη′ c [170]. From [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_12.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 13.** Figure 13: The left panel shows the typical quark level diagrams that describe the hadronic loop contributions to the processes [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_13.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 14.** Figure 14: The branching ratios of χc1 → γρ0 , γω, γϕ as functions of the parameter α. The red dashed lines with blue bands represent the experimental measurements [72], while the blue solid curves denote the theoretical predictions incorporating both the hadronic loop contribution and the pQCD calculation [133]. The vertical yellow bands indicate the regions where the theoretical results overlap with the correspond… view at source ↗

**Figure 15.** Figure 15: The comparison between experimental and theoretical masses is shown in each subfigure. The experimental values are positioned on the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_15.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 16.** Figure 16: The low-mass puzzle for selected hadrons. This figure is updated from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_16.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 17.** Figure 17: Loop diagrams: (a) electron-photon, (b) quark-level hadron, (c) hadron-level hadron. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_17.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 18.** Figure 18: Solutions of the coupled-channel equation for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_18.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 19.** Figure 19: Solution of the coupled-channel equation for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_19.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 20.** Figure 20: (a) The DD¯ invariant mass spectrum from γγ → DD¯ [50]. (b) The ωJ/ψ invariant mass (W) distribution from γγ → ωJ/ψ candidate events [49]. (c) The ϕJ/ψ invariant mass spectrum from γγ → ϕJ/ψ [329]. All results are from the Belle Collaboration. Furthermore, the product of its two-photon partial decay width and the branching fraction to DD¯ was measured as Γγγ × B(Z(3930) → DD¯) = 0.18 ± 0.05(stat) ± 0.03(s… view at source ↗

**Figure 21.** Figure 21: The observed P-wave charmonium states and candidates (a), the comparisons of theoretical and experimental decay widths of Z(3930) with assignment of χc2(2P) and X(3915) with interpretation of χc0(2P), and the theoretical widths of χcJ (3P) and the comparisons of theoretical and experimental decay widths of X(4250) with interpretation of χc2(3P). The figures are taken from Ref. [331]. Here, χ ′ cJ and χ ′′… view at source ↗

**Figure 22.** Figure 22: Comparison of masses between χcJ (2P) states from the GI model and the observed X(3872), X(3915), and Z(3930). The figures are taken from Ref. [321]. frameworks that move beyond the static quark model by dynamically incorporating the dressing of the bare cc¯ core with virtual hadron loops [321]. These frameworks treat the physical state as a superposition of the bare quark-model configuration and coupled … view at source ↗

**Figure 23.** Figure 23: (a) Radial wave functions of χcJ (2P) states for different values of the oscillator parameter β. (b) Decay amplitude for χc0(2P) → DD¯ as a function of β, showing contributions from positive (RnL(p) > 0, dashed-dotted) and negative (RnL(p) < 0, dotted) wave function regions, and the total amplitude (solid). Figures from Ref. [321]. In summary, the initially puzzling spectroscopic features of X(3915)—its s… view at source ↗

**Figure 24.** Figure 24: Diagrams for the decays χ ′ c0 → J/ψω (a) and χ ′ c2 → J/ψω (b-d), taken from Ref. [224]. Here χ ′ c0 and χ ′ c2 are χc0(2P) and χc2(2P), respectively. 1 2 3 4 102 103 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_24.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 25.** Figure 25: Dependence on the parameter α of (a) the ratio of decay widths Γ(χ ′ c0 → J/ψω)/Γ(χ ′ c2 → J/ψω), and (b) the partial widths for χ ′ c0,c2 → J/ψω (shown for the monopole form factor as an example). Figure adapted from Ref. [224]. Here χ ′ c0 and χ ′ c2 are χc0(2P) and χc2(2P), respectively. Thus, χc0(2P) → J/ψω is at least one order of magnitude larger than χc2(2P) → J/ψω, regardless of the form factor or… view at source ↗

**Figure 26.** Figure 26: Feynman diagrams for (a) the direct non-resonant process and (b) the resonant contributions via [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_26.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 27.** Figure 27: (a) Fitted DD¯ invariant mass spectrum (red histogram) compared with Belle (blue dots) and BaBar (green triangles) data. (b) Fitted cos θ ∗ distribution (red histogram) compared with Belle data (blue dots) and background (cyan histogram). Figures from Ref. [349]. The total amplitude was constructed as MTotal = ANOR + e iϕ0Aχc0(2P) + e iϕ2Aχc2(2P) , (34) where ϕ0 and ϕ2 account for possible interference ph… view at source ↗

**Figure 28.** Figure 28: The invariant mass spectra of D +D − (a), D −K + (b), and D +K + (c) in B + → D +D −K + process from LHCb [350]. 3.3.5. The experimental measurement of B → KDD from the LHCb Collaboration ¯ The decay B + → D +D −K + proceeds via a b¯ → cc¯s¯ transition and offers a clean environment to study charmonium spectroscopy due to low background levels. Resonances in the D −K + system would be manifestly exotic, p… view at source ↗

**Figure 29.** Figure 29: The observations of charmonium-like Y states. The data are obtained from Refs. [51, 379, 52, 53, 54, 56, 55, 380, 388, 392, 396, 397]. The abundance of phenomena associated with these Y states presents a challenging yet promising issue: how to understand their nature. This has become known as the "Y problem", as highlighted in White Paper on the Future Physics Programme of BESIII [57]. Addressing this pro… view at source ↗

**Figure 30.** Figure 30: The observed Y(4260) in the e + e − → J/ψπ+π − process from the BaBar Collaboration [51]. The experimental journey of Y(4260) resonance commenced in 2005 with the BaBar collaboration’s analysis of initial-state radiation (ISR) events using 233 fb−1 of data collected at the Υ(4S ) resonance. Studying the process e + e − → γISRπ +π − J/ψ, they observed a clear accumulation of events near 4.26 GeV (see [PIT… view at source ↗

**Figure 31.** Figure 31: The experimental cross sections of e + e − annihilation from Belle Collaboration in e + e − → DD¯ (a) [455], e + e − → D 0D −π + (b) [450], e + e − → D ∗+D ∗− (c) [449], and e + e − → D +D ∗− (d) [449] channels. The vertical red and green dashed lines represent the central masses of Y(4260) and Y(4360), respectively. The figure is taken from Ref. [19]. 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Mark I Mark… view at source ↗

**Figure 32.** Figure 32: The experimental R value taken from the PDG [456] (a) and the detailed data in the range of √ s = 4.1∼4.4 GeV (b). The vertical red lines in figure (b) represent the central masses of Y(4260) and Y(4360). The figure is taken from Ref. [19]. 38 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_32.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 33.** Figure 33: The diagram depicting the direct production (left panel) and the production via intermediate charmonium (right panel). The figure is [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p039_33.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 34.** Figure 34: The fitted results of the e + e − → J/ψπ+π − events distribution (left panel), and the change of the line shape of the cross section by adding the contributions from the terms |MNoR| 2 , |Aψ1 | 2 , 2Re(Aψ1M∗ NoR), |Aψ2 | 2 , 2Re(Aψ2M∗ NoR), and 2Re(Aψ1A∗ ψ2 ), step by step. The figure is adapted from Ref. [216]. 0 5 10 15 20 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 0 5 10 15 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 |ANoR| … view at source ↗

**Figure 35.** Figure 35: The fitted results of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p040_35.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 36.** Figure 36: The charmonium spectrum obtained by Cornell group [10]. The vertical scale is schematic. State Mass (GeV) Exp Exp Mass (GeV) 1S 3.095 J/ψ 3.096 1P 3.522 χc1(1P) 3.510 2S 3.684 ψ(3686) 3.686 1D 3.810 ψ(3770) 3.773 3S 4.110 ψ(4040) 4.040 2D 4.190 ψ(4160) 4.160 4S 4.460 ψ(4415) 4.415 5S 4.790 × × [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_36.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 37.** Figure 37: Comparison of the physical masses of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p044_37.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 38.** Figure 38: A comparison between the J/ψ and Υ families [479]. 44 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p044_38.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 39.** Figure 39: The dependence of the total decay width of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p045_39.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 40.** Figure 40: The measured cross sections of e + e − → J/ψπ+π − [55], e + e − → hcπ +π − [56], e + e − → ψ(3686)π +π − [380], e + e − → hcη [381], e + e − → D 0D ∗−π + [382], e + e − → χc0ω [383], e + e − → J/ψη [384], e + e − → J/ψπ0π 0 [385], e + e − → µ +µ − [386], e + e − → ηcπ +π −π 0 [387], e + e − → J/ψK +K − [388] and e + e − → D ∗0D ∗−π + [389], in which the Y(4220) state had been observed. 48 [PITH_FULL_IMAG… view at source ↗

**Figure 41.** Figure 41: Measured cross sections of e + e − annihilation into light hadronic final states, in which although no obvious Y(4220) signal is observed, their line shapes exhibit possible structures around 4.2 GeV that warrant confirmation with higher-statistics data in the future. These processes include e + e − → 2(pp¯) [487], e + e − → ηπ+π − [488], e + e − → ωπ+π − [489], e + e − → Σ +Σ¯ − [490], e + e − → Ξ 0Ξ¯ 0 … view at source ↗

**Figure 42.** Figure 42: The Fano-like interference fit to the cross sections for the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p053_42.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 43.** Figure 43: Status of the charmonium-like Y states before 2017 and their updated situation after 2017 (left panel), and the measured resonance parameters of the Y(4220) state in several hidden-charm processes (right panel). Figure adapted from Refs. [327, 300]. In Ref. [300], interpreting Y(4220) as a higher vector charmonium state shaped by unquenched effects leads to several nontrivial consistency requirements. Fir… view at source ↗

**Figure 44.** Figure 44: Experimental cross sections of selected open-charm production channels in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p056_44.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 45.** Figure 45: The masses and the open-charm decay behaviors of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p057_45.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 46.** Figure 46: Characteristic energy levels of the vector charmonium states in the unquenched charmonium spectrum. Figure is from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p059_46.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 47.** Figure 47: (a) The fitted results of the e + e − → ψ(3686)π +π − from Belle and BESIII [380, 521]. (b) The fitted results of the e + e − → ΛcΛ¯ c from Belle and BESIII [54, 520]. The figures are adopted from Ref. [327]. From [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p060_47.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 48.** Figure 48: (a) The dependence of masses and widths of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p061_48.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 49.** Figure 49: The fitted results of the e + e − → π +D 0D ∗− (a) [516], e + e − → ηJ/ψ (b) [236], e + e − → K +K − J/ψ (c) [233], dimuon invariant mass spectra in B + → K +µ +µ − (d) [524] and e + e − → DsD ∗ s (e) [524] processes by the unquenched charmonium spectroscopy. 63 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p063_49.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 50.** Figure 50: (a) Schematic diagram illustrating the 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p064_50.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 51.** Figure 51: The ratio of dielectronic widths Γ ψ ′ 3S -2D e +e − /Γ ψ ′′ 3S -2D e +e − as a function of the 3S -2D mixing angles. The red pentagram represents the prediction of this work (θ ≈ 10◦ and ratio Γ ψ ′ 3S -2D e +e − /Γ ψ ′′ 3S -2D e +e − ≈ 4.1). The light green and dark green shaded bands indicate the experimental values 1.79 ± 0.83 and 1.04 ± 0.12, respectively, from the PDG [94]. The triangle and square i… view at source ↗

**Figure 52.** Figure 52: Coupled-channel description of (a) the e + e − → nonopen-charm hadron and (b) the inclusive hadronic cross sections. Vertical dashed lines indicate the D 0D¯ 0 and D +D¯ − thresholds. nonopen-charm hadron data are from Ref. [538], inclusive hadronic data are from Ref. [537]. Source: Taken from Ref. [548]. Here, the Hcc¯ is modeled using a quenched model [13]. The hadronic Hamiltonian Hhadrons include kine… view at source ↗

**Figure 53.** Figure 53: (a) Coupled-channel description of the e + e − → DD¯ cross section. The red solid line represents the full model including ψ(2S ), ψ(1D), and ψ(3S ). Experimental data are from Belle [455] and BESIII [545, 539]. (b) Cross section when either ψ(2S ) or ψ(3S ) is removed. Source: Taken from Ref. [548] 5. The initial single pion emission mechanism: explaining charged Zb and predicting charmonium-like charged… view at source ↗

**Figure 54.** Figure 54: The mass of Υ(10860) in the inclusive process e + e − → hadrons (blue dots with error bars) and in the hidden bottom processes e + e − → (bb¯)π + pi− with {(bb¯) = Υ(1S, 2S, 3S ), hb(1P, 2P)} (red dots with error bars). The PDG average (black dot with error bar) is also present for comparison. 5.1. Anomalous phenomena related to Υ(10860) 5.1.1. Experimental observation of Υ(10860) The bottomonia Υ(5S ) wa… view at source ↗

**Figure 55.** Figure 55: The diagram contributing to Υ(nS ) → Υ(mS )π +π − (left panel) and the peak shifts caused by the triangle diagrams (right panel). Source: Taken from [568]. anomalous large partial widths of Υ(10860) hidden-bottom dipion decays are also a challenge to our understanding of the properties of higher bottomonia. 5.1.2. Theoretical interpretations of Υ(10860): bottomonium vs tetraquark To explain the mass diffe… view at source ↗

**Figure 56.** Figure 56: The diagram contributing to Yb(10890) → Υπ +π − in tretraquark scenario (left panel) and dipion invariant mass (mππ) distribution and the cos θ distributions measured by Belle [79] for the final state Υ(1S )π +π − (upper row of right panel) and Υ(2S )π +π − (lower row of right panel), and the theoretical distributions based on the tetraquark estimations (histograms) [571]. The solid and dashed lines show … view at source ↗

**Figure 57.** Figure 57: The schematic diagrams for Υ(5S ) decays into Υ(nS )S (diagrams (a)-(d)) and Υ(nS )f2(1270) (diagrams (e)-(f)) (n = 1, 2) via bottom meson loops. Source: Taken from [576]. 5.1.3. Puzzles in the dipion invariant mass distributions and cos θ distributions. In their study of Υ(5S ) decays, Chen et al. extended the final-state interaction mechanism developed in Refs. [153, 568, 154] to investigate the dipion … view at source ↗

**Figure 58.** Figure 58: Dipion invariant mass (mππ) distributions (1st and 3rd frames) and the cos θ distributions (2nd and 4th frames) measured by Belle for the final state Υ(1S )π +π − (1st and 2nd frames, crosses) and Υ(2S )π +π − (3rd and 4th frames, crosses) and the theoretical distributions in the conventional Υ(5S ) frame (histograms). Source: Taken from [576]. mππ (GeV) cos(θ) dΓ/dmππ dΓ/d cos(θ) (GeV) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:… view at source ↗

**Figure 59.** Figure 59: Dipion invariant mass (mππ) distributions (1st and 3rd frames) and the cos θ distributions (2nd and 4th frames) of Υ(5S ) → Υ(2S )π +π − reproduced by Chen et al in Ref. [576] (left panel) and in the in the erratum of Ref. [571]. Source: Taken from [576, 571]. In Ref. [576], Chen and Liu also examined the dipion invariant mass spectra and cos θ distributions of Υ(10860) → Υ(2S )π +π − using the same forma… view at source ↗

**Figure 60.** Figure 60: Comparison of fit results (open histogram) with experiment data (points with error bars) for event in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p074_60.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 61.** Figure 61: The hb(1P) (a) and hb(2P) (b) yields as a function of Mmiss(π) (points with error bars) and results of the fit (histogram). Source: Taken from [80] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p075_61.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 62.** Figure 62: Diagrams contributing to Υ(5S ) → Υ(2S )π +π − . Here, diagram (a) represents the Υ(5S ) direct decay into Υ(2S )π +π − , while diagram (b) denotes the intermediate hadronic loop contribution to Υ(5S ) → Υ(2S )π +π − . (c) and (d) describe the intermediate Z ± b contribution to Υ(5S ) → Υ(2S )π +π − , where Z ± b = {Zb(10610)± , Zb(10650)± }. Source: Taken from [586] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p07… view at source ↗

**Figure 63.** Figure 63: The mππ (left frame), mΥ(2S )π (middle frame) invariant mass spectra, and cos θ distribution (right frame) for Υ(5S ) → Υ(2S )π +π − process. The histograms are the fitting results with the contributions from Zb(10610) and Zb(10650), and the dots with errors correspond to the Belle data [79, 80]. Source: Taken from [586]. 5.2. Initial single pion emission mechanism 5.2.1. Charged Zb states and the proposa… view at source ↗

**Figure 64.** Figure 64: The schematic diagrams for Υ(5S ) → Υ(nS )π +π − by the ISPE mechanism. Here, diagrams (a) and (b) are related to each other by particle antiparticle conjugation, i.e., B (∗) ⇌ B¯(∗) and π + ⇌ π − . After performing the transformations B (∗)+ ⇌ B (∗)0 , B (∗)− ⇌ B¯(∗)0 and π + ⇌ π − , we obtain the remaining diagrams. By replacing Υ(nS ) with hb(mP), one obtains the diagrams for Υ(5S ) → hb(mP)π +π − . So… view at source ↗

**Figure 65.** Figure 65: The obtained theoretical line shapes of dΓ(Υ(5S ) → Υ(nS )π +π − )/dmΥ(nS )π + , and the comparison of our result with the Belle data (the third column) [80]. The first, the second and the fourth columns correspond to the numerical result considering BB¯ ∗ + h.c., B ∗B¯ ∗ and BB¯ intermediate state contributions respectively, while the first, the second and the third rows are the results corresponding to … view at source ↗

**Figure 66.** Figure 66: The theoretical curves of dΓ(Υ(5S ) → hb(1P)π +π − )/dmhb (1P)π + (the first column) and dΓ(Υ(5S ) → hb(2P)π +π − )/dmhb (2P)π + (the second column). For easily comparing our result with the experimental data, one adopts the vertical dashed and dotted lines to denote the masses of Zb(10610) and Zb(10650) respectively. The first, the second and the third rows correspond to the numerical result respectively… view at source ↗

**Figure 67.** Figure 67: (Color online.) The invariant mass spectra of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p080_67.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 68.** Figure 68: (Color online.) A comparison of the hcπ ± mass distribution of ψ(4160) → hc(1P)π +π − (solid line) predicted in this work and measurement by CLEO-c (points with errors) [617]. Here, CLEO-c measured the hc(1P)π ± mass distribution from e + e − → hc(1P)π +π − at ECM = 4170 MeV [617]. We normalize our numbers for a real comparison with the available CLEO-c data. Source: Taken from [82] （a）（b） [PITH_FULL_I… view at source ↗

**Figure 69.** Figure 69: Fit to the Mmax(π ± J/ψ) distributions of e + e − → π +π − J/ψ at √ s = 4.26 GeV form the BESIII (diagram (a)) [550] and Belle (diagrma (b)) [551] Collaborations. Dots with error bars are experimental data from BESIII and Belle Collaborations [550, 551], the red solid curves show the total fit, and the blue dotted curves show the results of a phase space Mento Carlo simulation and the green shaded histogr… view at source ↗

**Figure 70.** Figure 70: The typical diagrams depicting Y(4260) → J/ψπ+π − decay. Here, diagram (a) denotes Y(4260) direct decay into J/ψπ+π − , diagram (b) describes the intermediate hadronic loop contribution to Y(4260) → J/ψπ+π − , and diagrams (c) and (d) are from the ISPE mechanism. Source: Taken from [623] 5.2.4. Reproduce Zc(3900) in the π ± J/ψ invariant mass spectra of e+ e − → π +π − J/ψ at √ s = 4.260 GeV The observati… view at source ↗

**Figure 71.** Figure 71: (color online). The distributions of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p083_71.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 72.** Figure 72: (color online). Feynman diagrams contributing to the process [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p084_72.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 73.** Figure 73: (color online). Combined fit for the ψ(3686)π ± and π +π − invariant mass spectra at different center-of-mass energies reported by the BESIII Collaboration in Ref. [380]. The black dashed and red solid curves are the fitted results under three-charmonium and four-charmonium scenarios, respectively. Source: Taken from [625] 650, 651, 652], and kinematic effects [653, 654, 642, 655]. It is worth mentioning … view at source ↗

**Figure 74.** Figure 74: The di-η (diagrams (a) and (b))and di-kaon (diagrams (c) and (d)) decays in the ISChE mechanism. It’s worth mentioning that in the di-η decay process, the initial and final states could be connected by both the charmed meson loops (diagram (a)) and charmed-strange meson loops (diagram (b)). Source: Taken from [661, 561]. 𝑌 4660 → 𝜂𝜂𝐽/𝜓 𝜓 4790 → 𝜂𝜂𝐽/𝜓 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p086_74.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 75.** Figure 75: The Mmax(J/ψη) distributions of Y(4660) → ηηJ/ψ (left panel) and ψ(4790) → ηηJ/ψ (right panel). Here, the diagrams (a), (b) and (c) are the lineshapes resulted from the intermediate DD¯, D ∗D¯ + H.c. and D ∗D¯ ∗ , respectively, while the digrams (d), (e) and (f) are the results considering the intermediate DsD¯ s , D ∗ sD¯ s + H.c. and D ∗ sD¯ ∗ s contributions, respectively. The thresholds of DD¯ ∗ , D ∗… view at source ↗

**Figure 76.** Figure 76: Dependence of the distribution of dΓ/dmJ/ψK+ on the J/ψK + invariant mass spectrum (red solid curves). The diagrams (a) and (d), diagrams (b) and (e), and diagrams (c) and (f), are the results considering the intermediate DD¯ s + H.C., D ∗D¯ s + DD¯ ∗ s + H.C., and D ∗D¯ ∗ s + H.C. contributions, respectively. Here, the line shape of distribution of dΓ/dmJ/ψK+ is normalized to 1. Source: Taken from [561].… view at source ↗

**Figure 77.** Figure 77: Invariant mass distributions of (a) K +K − , (b) K + J/ψ, and (c) K − J/ψ for K +K − J/ψ events with 4.4 < M(K +K − J/ψ) < 5.5 GeV/c 2 . Solid histograms are for events in the J/ψ signal region, and the shaded histograms are normalized background from the J/ψ mass sidebands. Source: Taken from [665] of 3.7 fb−1 , the BESIII Collaboration analyzed the processes e + e − → K +D − s D ∗0 and K +D ∗− s D 0 [66… view at source ↗

**Figure 78.** Figure 78: The experimental observation of Z − cs (left panel) in the K + recoil mass spectra of e + e − → K + (D − s D ∗0 + D ∗− s D 0 ) [666] and Z 0 cs (right panel) in the K 0 s recoil mass spectra of e + e − → K 0 s (D + s D ∗− + D ∗+ s D − ) [667] by the BESIII Collaboration. Source: Taken from [666, 667] As indicated in Ref. [561], the lineshapes of the Zcs structures depend on the initial state. For example,… view at source ↗

**Figure 79.** Figure 79: Distributions of Mmax(K ± J/ψ) of e + e − → K +K − J/ψ reported by BESIII Collaboration [668]. The red dashed, blue dash-dotted, and pink dotted lines are the signal component of Zcs, the phase space and the combinatorial background, respectively. Source: Taken from [668] non-resonant single-parton scattering (NRSPS) and double-parton scattering (DPS) failed to describe the spectrum ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:fi… view at source ↗

**Figure 80.** Figure 80: Distributions of RM2 (K ± ) of e + e − → K +K −ψ(3686) (diagram (a) and (b)) and mK 0 S ψ(3686) of e + e − → K 0 S K 0 S ψ(3686) reported by BESIII Collaboration [669, 670] . Source: Taken from [669, 670] 91 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p091_80.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 81.** Figure 81: Di-J/ψ invariant mass spectra with p di−J/ψ T > 5.2 GeV from LHCb, showing fits with (a) NRSPS+DPS, (b) model I, and (c) model II [84]. though it altered the extracted masses and widths. 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Candidates / 25 MeV Data Fit BW1 BW2 BW3 Background (13 TeV) -1 135 fb CMS 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 [GeV] mJ/ψ J/ψ −2 0 2 Data-Fit Stat. unc. 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 0 20 40 60 80 10… view at source ↗

**Figure 82.** Figure 82: CMS di-J/ψ mass spectrum fitted with three Breit-Wigners without (left) and with (right) interference [86]. ATLAS also analyzed di-J/ψ and J/ψ + ψ(2S ) channels using 140 fb−1 at 13 TeV [85]. For di-J/ψ, two models were employed: model A included three interfering resonances; model B considered interference between one resonance and the SPS background, requiring only two resonances. Both models confirmed… view at source ↗

**Figure 83.** Figure 83: Fitted spectra in di-J/ψ channel with models A (a), B (b), and in J/ψ + ψ(2S ) channel with models α (c) and β (d), by ATLAS [85]. 93 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p093_83.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 84.** Figure 84: The schematic diagrams for the production mechanism of a double charmonium [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p096_84.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 85.** Figure 85: Fit results to the experimental results, where (I) for LHCb data fit [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p097_85.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 86.** Figure 86: Extracted pole positions from Refs. [779], where left is for the two channel model, right is for the three channel model [779]. the stabilities of the poles there are different. This means, if there actually exists X(6600), and the description on the dip and X(6900) in the experimental data, is model dependent here. However, in both models, a pole below J/ψJ/ψ threshold is also found, and the extracted sc… view at source ↗

**Figure 87.** Figure 87: The J/ψψ(2S ) invariant mass spectrum, where (a) is the predictions given by Ref. [779], (b) is a comparison with ATLAS data presented in Ref. [784]. Then, to further study the quantum numbers of the experimental observed structures in di-J/ψ spectrum, Ref. [780] performed a partial wave analysis on the LHCb data, where the analysis scheme is similar to Ref. [779] as presented in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures… view at source ↗

**Figure 88.** Figure 88: Fit results to the LHCb data. Here, the top left figure considers [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p099_88.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 89.** Figure 89: Feynman diagrams of the scattering amplitudes of charmonia given in Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p100_89.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 90.** Figure 90: , it is found that this model can provide very strong contributions to the interactions between vector charmonia, since there all exists poles near thresholds, including J/ψJ/ψ, J/ψψ(2S ), and ψ(2S )ψ(2S ) channels. Furthermore, a comparison of the scattering cross section to the experimental data of LHCb is performed, in which the peak around 6.9 GeV is nicely reproduced, demonstrating the effectiveness … view at source ↗

**Figure 91.** Figure 91: Two-pion exchanges between the ψ(2S ) and J/ψ, where (a) is for t-channel and (b) is for u-channel. (c) The contributions to the amplitude for the transition ψα → ψβππ including the coupled-channel (ππ and KK¯) FSI. In (c), the solid and dashed lines label charmonia and light mesons, respectively, the filled squares denote the ππ and KK¯ interactions and the black dots mean that the interactions between t… view at source ↗

**Figure 92.** Figure 92: The DD¯ triangle diagram in J/ψψ(3770) scattering process, where ψ ′′ denotes the ψ(3770) meson [790]. Another mechanism to explore the nature of X(6900) is proposed by Ref. [790]. Since this peak is closed to the J/ψψ(3770) threshold, considering that ψ(3770) can strongly couple to a pair of charmed mesons DD¯, Ref. [790] proposed a possible mechanism for the J/ψψ(3770) → J/ψψ(3770) scattering process as… view at source ↗

**Figure 93.** Figure 93: (a): Triangle diagram contribution, with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p103_93.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 94.** Figure 94: (I) A novel approach enabling one-boson exchange for e [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p103_94.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 95.** Figure 95: The fit results on experimental data are presented, with the top panel for 0 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p104_95.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 96.** Figure 96: The S -wave N-cc¯ potential extracted at t/a = 13, 14, and 15 for N-J/ψ with 4S 3/2 (a), with 2S 1/2 (b), and N-ηc with 2S 1/2 (c). The red bands show the fit results with phenomenological three-range Gaussians at t/a = 14. The three potentials at t/a = 14 are also shown in (d) for a direct comparison. A magnification is shown in the inset for each panel [91]. 106 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p106_96.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 97.** Figure 97: (Color online). The Ωccc-Ωccc potential V(r) in the 1S 0 channel as a function of separation r at Euclidean time t/a = 25 (red square), 26 (blue diamond) and 27 (green circle). c c¯ c c¯ c c¯ q q¯ qq¯ creation qq¯ annihilation ⋯⋯ A A A A A A B B B B C C C C “Breathing” hadron [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p107_97.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 98.** Figure 98: Breathing hadron inspired by unquenched picture. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p107_98.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 99.** Figure 99: The R value as a function of center-of-mass energy √ s from various experiments. The step-like structure corresponds to the opening of new quark flavor thresholds, while sharp peaks indicate vector meson resonances. Notable structures include the ϕ(1020), J/ψ, ψ(2S ), Υ family, and the Z boson. The regions containing the anomalous Y structures discussed in this work are highlighted. Figure adapted from [8… view at source ↗

**Figure 100.** Figure 100: Bottomonium mass spectrum. From left to right: predictions of the modified GI model [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p111_100.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 101.** Figure 101: A comparison of the results of screening potential model and those obtained by a coupled-channel quark model [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p111_101.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 102.** Figure 102: Schematic diagram for a typical hadronic transition in the QCDME approach. Here, MGE denotes multipole gluon emission from the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p112_102.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 103.** Figure 103: Measured dipion invariant mass distributions for the processes [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p113_103.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 104.** Figure 104: The fitted dipion invariant mass distributions and the corresponding predictions for the angular distributions [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p115_104.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 105.** Figure 105: Feynman diagram illustrating the hadronic loop contributions to the transitions [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p115_105.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 106.** Figure 106: Feynman diagram illustrating the hadronic loop contributions to the transitions [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p116_106.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 107.** Figure 107: Feynman diagrams illustrating the η transitions of Υ(10860) → Υ(13DJ )η with J = 1, 2, 3. Adapted from Ref. [878]. It is found that the branching ratios for Υ(10860) → Υ(13DJ )η are of the order of O(10−3 ), which are comparable to those of the experimentally observed dipion transitions Υ(10860) → Υ(nS )π +π − (n = 1, 2, 3). This indicates that 116 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p116_107.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 108.** Figure 108: The predicted branching ratios of Υ(10860) → Υ(13DJ )η (left panel), as well as the ratios between them (right panel). Figure adapted from Ref. [878]. Following the publication of the theoretical work, the Belle Collaboration reported the first observation of the process Υ(10860) → ΥJ (1D) [879]. The measured branching fraction, (4.82±0.92±0.67)×10−3 , agrees well with the expectation from the hadronic l… view at source ↗

**Figure 109.** Figure 109: Feynman diagram depicting Υ(10860) → χbJω decay within the hadronic loop mechanism. Figure adapted from Ref. [880]. 118 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p118_109.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 110.** Figure 110: The branching ratios of Υ(10860) → χbJω as functions of the parameter αΛ. The horizontal bands represent the experimental measurements reported by the Belle Collaboration [871], while the vertical bands indicate the reasonable ranges of αΛ where the theoretical results overlap with the Belle data. The figure is adapted from Ref. [880] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p119_110.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 111.** Figure 111: Cross sections for e + e − → Υ(nS )π +π − measured by the Belle Collaboration [566], showing the structure of Υ(10753). The figure is adapted from Ref. [566]. 121 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p121_111.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 112.** Figure 112: The predicted masses (left panel) and dielectron widths (right panel) of the mixed bottomonium states [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p122_112.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 113.** Figure 113: Schematic diagrams for the Υ(10753) → Υ(nS )π +π − (n = 1, 2, 3) processes within the hadronic-loop mechanism. Here, S represents the scalar mesons σ and f0(980). The figure is adapted from Ref. [898]. from the measured cross sections [566]. These quantities are directly proportional to the transition amplitudes of the processes e + e − → Υ(nS )π +π − mediated by the Υ(10753) resonance. Treating Υ(10753)… view at source ↗

**Figure 114.** Figure 114: Dependence of the branching ratios BR[Υ(10753) → Υ(nS )π +π − ] (n = 1, 2, 3) on the parameter αΛ. The red solid lines represent the predictions from the hadronic loop mechanism [898], while the gray bands with blue dotted lines indicate the experimental values extracted by the Belle Collaboration [566]. The rightmost panel shows the ranges of αΛ for which the theoretical predictions are consistent with … view at source ↗

**Figure 115.** Figure 115: Predicted dipion invariant-mass spectra for the decays [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p123_115.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 116.** Figure 116: Distributions of dipion mass at √ s = 10.746 GeV for Υ(1S )π +π − (left panel) and Υ(2S )π +π − (right panel). Adapted from Ref. [899]. The other two-body hidden-bottom decay channels of Υ(10753) have also been systematically studied within the hadronic loop mechanism, where Υ(10753) is interpreted as the 4S –3D mixed state Υ ′′ 4S−3D [887, 900, 901]. The corresponding results are summarized in Figs. 117… view at source ↗

**Figure 117.** Figure 117: The predicted branching ratios and characteristic ratios for the two-body hidden-bottom decay channels of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p125_117.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 118.** Figure 118: (1) The predicted branching ratios for Υ(10753) → ηbη (′) and Υ(10753) → ηb(1S )ω within the hadronic loop mechanism; (2) the characteristic ratios between BR[Υ(10753) → ηbη (′) ] and BR[Υ(10753) → ηbω], evaluated with the η–η ′ mixing angle taken as −19.1 ◦ or −14.4 ◦ ; (3) the characteristic ratio BR[Υ(10753) → ηbη]/BR[Υ(10753) → Υ(1S, 2S )π +π − ], where the points denote the upper limits extracted fr… view at source ↗

**Figure 119.** Figure 119: Measured resonance parameters of the Y(2175) (left panel) and the ρ(2150) (right panel) from different experimental processes. The figures are adapted from Refs. [946, 916]. The current difficulties encountered in the construction of high-exciting light-flavor mesons are closely related to the analysis way of experimental cross-section data, in which different production or decay processes are studied in… view at source ↗

**Figure 120.** Figure 120: Comparison between the theoretical predictions and experimental measurements for the masses of light-flavor vector mesons. Adapted [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p130_120.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 121.** Figure 121: Simultaneous description of the cross sections for the seven open-strange processes [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p131_121.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 122.** Figure 122: Measured cross section for the process e + e − → ΛΛ¯ reported by the BESIII Collaboration in 2023 [955], together with previous measurements [956, 957, 958, 959]. Adapted from Ref. [955]. φ K K¯ N Λ¯ Λ φ K K¯ ∗ N Λ¯ Λ φ K∗ K¯ N Λ¯ Λ φ K∗ K¯ ∗ N Λ¯ Λ (1) (2) (3) (4) BESIII (2023) BESIII (2018) BESIII (2019) DM2 (1990) BaBar (2007) background Total fit ϕ(4S) ϕ(3D) threshold 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 0 50 100 150 200… view at source ↗

**Figure 123.** Figure 123: Left panel: Feynman diagrams for the processes [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p132_123.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 124.** Figure 124: A comparison of resonance parameters of the reported [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p133_124.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 125.** Figure 125: Feynman diagrams for the reactions e + e − → ωη and e + e − → ωπ0π 0 . Panels (a) and (b) correspond to e + e − → ωη. Panels (c)–(e) depict the mechanisms of e + e − → ωπ0π 0 . Here, ω ∗ denotes the ω(4S ) and ω(3D) intermediate states, while X1 denotes ρ, ρ(1450), and b1(1235), and X2 represents f2(1270). Adapted from Ref. [963]. 133 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p133_125.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 126.** Figure 126: Fitted results to the experimental cross section data and the corresponding resonance contributions for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p134_126.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 127.** Figure 127: The measured cross sections for (a) e + e − → ρπ and (b) e + e − → ρ(1450)π → π +π −π 0 . The red points with error bars denote the experimental data. The blue solid curve with the shaded band represents the total fit, while the green dashed curve shows the continuum contribution. The purple dot-dashed and brown dot-dashed curves correspond to the resonance amplitudes for the constructive and destructive… view at source ↗

**Figure 128.** Figure 128: The masses of the mixed state ω ′ 4S−3D and ω ′′ 4S−3D as function of the 4S -3D mixing angle θ. The light red horizontal band represents the measured mass of the Y(2119), while the yellow vertical bands indicate the mixing angles at which the theoretical mass of ω ′ 4S−3D coincides with the Y(2119). Additionally, the light blue horizontal band represents the predicted mass of ω ′′ 4S−3D at these mixing … view at source ↗

**Figure 129.** Figure 129: Fit to the measured cross section of the process [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p137_129.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 130.** Figure 130: Masses of the mixed states as functions of the mixing angle [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p138_130.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 131.** Figure 131: Decay behaviors of the mixed states ρ ′ 3S−2D , ρ ′′ 3S−2D , ρ ′ 4S−3D , and ρ ′′ 4S−3D as functions of the mixing angle θ. Panel (a) shows the total widths, panel (b) shows the dielectron widths, and panels (c)–(h) show the products of the dielectron width and branching ratios for a2(1320)π (panel (c)), ωπ (panel (d)), f1(1285)ρ (panel (e)), ππ (panel (f)), ρη (panel (g)), and ρη′ (panel (h)). Figures a… view at source ↗

**Figure 132.** Figure 132: Combined fit to the measured cross sections for the processes [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p140_132.png] view at source ↗

discussion (0)

Forward citations

Cited by 16 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

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