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The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
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The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), one of the programs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III), has now completed its systematic, homogeneous spectroscopic survey sampling all major populations of the Milky Way. After a three year observing campaign on the Sloan 2.5-m Telescope, APOGEE has collected a half million high resolution (R~22,500), high S/N (>100), infrared (1.51-1.70 microns) spectra for 146,000 stars, with time series information via repeat visits to most of these stars. This paper describes the motivations for the survey and its overall design---hardware, field placement, target selection, operations---and gives an overview of these aspects as well as the data reduction, analysis and products. An index is also given to the complement of technical papers that describe various critical survey components in detail. Finally, we discuss the achieved survey performance and illustrate the variety of potential uses of the data products by way of a number of science demonstrations, which span from time series analysis of stellar spectral variations and radial velocity variations from stellar companions, to spatial maps of kinematics, metallicity and abundance patterns across the Galaxy and as a function of age, to new views of the interstellar medium, the chemistry of star clusters, and the discovery of rare stellar species. As part of SDSS-III Data Release 12, all of the APOGEE data products are now publicly available.
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Cited by 29 Pith papers
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Spectroscopic Binary Detection as Agent-Callable Tools: Detecting 40,000+ Main-Sequence Binary Candidates from SDSS DR19 APOGEE Spectra
The authors apply El-Badry's binary decomposition via agent-callable tools to APOGEE DR19, flagging 41,466 SB2 candidates with about 40% estimated contamination, and measuring no eccentricity excess for close twins.
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Rogue Ones: Orbital census of Galactic Cepheids and their Anomalies
A 6D kinematic census identifies 18 anomalous Cepheids with extreme orbits, including one possibly scattered by globular cluster E3, and finds consistency between dynamical and stellar ages.
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Reconstructing the Stripping History of the Sagittarius Stream with Neural Networks
A neural network trained on simulations infers stripping times for Sagittarius stream stars from phase-space data, measuring a 0.3 dex/Gyr metallicity gradient and estimating ages for globular clusters such as Pal 12 ...
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Astronomical Cardiology II: A Search For Heartbeat Stars Using APOGEE and TESS
A new search of APOGEE binaries with TESS light curves finds 50 heartbeat stars, including 36 new systems, and confirms that the detected fraction rises sharply with stellar temperature.
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Detecting Solar-Like Oscillations in the Highest Mass TESS Giants
Custom-aperture TESS photometry detects solar-like oscillations in 43 intermediate-mass giants (10 above 5 M⊙) and shows APOGEE DR19 log g is ~0.23 dex too high versus seismic values.
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The Twentieth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First All-Sky BOSS Spectra, eROSITA-SDSS-V Mapper Coordinated Observations, and a Preview of the Local Volume Mapper
DR20 releases over three million BOSS spectra (first southern-hemisphere SDSS-V optical data), 169 LVM integral-field tiles over six targets, and eighteen value-added catalogs.
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Radial velocity and atmospheric parameter calculations for the GaiaNIR spectrograph
For GaiaNIR, a 1926–1968 nm K-band window at R≈16,000–20,000 offers the best simulated balance of radial-velocity precision, atmospheric-parameter precision, and low interstellar extinction.
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Runaway OB stars within 1 kpc of the Sun
Using a volume-complete sample of OB stars within 1 kpc, the authors find runaway fractions of 17.5% for O-type stars and 7.0% for B-type stars via a 23 km/s peculiar-velocity threshold.
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The complex stellar system M 22: constraining the chemical enrichment from AGB stars using magnesium isotope ratios
First Mg isotope measurements at [Fe/H]≈-2 in a globular cluster show no difference tied to s-process enrichment, favoring ~2.75 M_sun AGB polluters and a 280–480 Myr age gap.
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The complex stellar system M 22: confirming abundance variations with high precision differential measurements
High-precision differential abundances confirm M 22 hosts a >0.24 dex iron spread and ~0.65 dex s-process spread, and reveal new internal abundance variations within each population.
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Chemical hints of Population III stars from silicon abundances in massive galaxies
High [Si/Mg] = 0.67 in NGC 1277 cannot be explained by standard models and suggests pair-instability supernovae from very massive early stars.
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Beyond the Fundamental Metallicity Relation: galaxy sizes encode the link between inflow and metallicity
Galaxy size at fixed stellar mass encodes the link between long-term gas inflow histories, current inner gas reservoirs, and metallicity via differences in assembly timing.
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Egent: An Autonomous Agent for Equivalent Width Measurement
Egent achieves raw agreement of MAD 5-7 mA with human experts on 18,615 spectral lines by using LLM-driven adjustments to fitting windows, blends, and continuum without post-hoc corrections.
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From metallicity distributions to mutual information: A new perspective on stellar halo assembly
Mutual information between angular position and binary metallicity increases with radius in all five Aquarius stellar halos, and after satellite removal the residual signal is confined to the inner ~30-50 kpc.
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Constraints on the population level distribution of nearby Dark Matter halo shapes with extragalactic streams
A gold subsample of 17 photometry-only extragalactic streams yields a mildly oblate dark-matter halo population with mean flattening μ_q ≈ 0.72 and scatter σ_q ≈ 0.34.
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Wrinkles in Time. II. Stellar Age Trends in Kinematic Signatures from Transient Spiral Structure
Simulations show Lindblad-resonance wrinkles from non-winding spirals are filled with zero-age stars on orbits normally occupied by much older populations, offering an age-based constraint on past transient spiral patterns.
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Dynamical evolution and dissolution timescale of young stellar clusters in the Orion star-forming complex
Gaia-derived parameters for 13 Orion clusters fed into N-body simulations reveal two regimes: seven with α_vir ≲ 7 retain bound cores for ≳170 Myr while six with α_vir ≳ 7 dissolve before 120 Myr.
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Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus: Lithium evolution from early red-giant-branch and main-sequence stars
A lithium chemical evolution model for the GSE galaxy matches survey data showing Spite-like and eRGB plateaus at low metallicity with a hint of reduced nova contributions.
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Observational Signatures and Constraints on the Intermediate Neutron-Capture Process. The Case of the CEMP star TYC 6044-714-1 (RAVE J094921.8-161722)
High-precision analysis of TYC 6044-714-1 favors s+r nucleosynthesis over i-process models, which require implausible conditions and mismatch Ba isotopes.
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Why Machine Learning Models Systematically Underestimate Extreme Values
Regression with noisy input features shrinks predictions toward the mean by a factor 1 divided by (1 plus the squared ratio of noise to signal spread), and this bias persists regardless of training sample size, label ...
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Applying Liouville's Theorem to Gaia Data
Phase-space density is recovered from Gaia data for M4 and disrupted streams by correcting entropy injection and minimizing stream entropy, enabling original mass inference via Liouville's theorem.
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Chemical Abundances of the Bioessential Elements C, O and S, and the Refractory Elements Fe and Ni, in Solar-type Exoplanet-hosting Stars from HARPS North and South
Observational study of 290 exoplanet-host stars finds higher C, O, S, Fe, Ni abundances in giant-planet hosts than small-planet hosts, with C/O ratios, hot/warm differences, and mass correlations that vary by subpopulation.
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Resolved Ages and Stellar Metallicities in Progenitors of Milky Way Analogs: A Closer Look at their Star Formation Histories since $z=5$
Resolved stellar property gradients in Milky Way analog progenitors show inside-out assembly with minor, temporary disruption from major mergers.
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Empirical colour--effective temperature relations in the SDSS system from IRFM temperatures of GALAH and APOGEE stars
New empirical color-Teff calibrations in the SDSS system from IRFM temperatures of 3902 GALAH and 2535 APOGEE stars, with 30-50 K precision for long-baseline colors.
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Primordial Black Hole Triggered Type Ia Supernovae II: Comparison with Supernova Remnants and Galactic Chemical Evolution
PBH-triggered SN Ia models across metallicities match some observed light curves and remnants, constrain the explosion channel fraction via chemical evolution modeling, and indicate PBHs as a potentially major early-u...
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Symbiotic stars in the era of modern ground- and space-based surveys
A review of how large-scale photometric and spectroscopic surveys have transformed the discovery, classification, and variability studies of symbiotic stars.
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Chemical Evolution of Galaxies: Past, Present and Future
A single-author review of galactic chemical-evolution modeling, centered on the time-delay interpretation of [X/Fe] vs [Fe/H] as a tool for galactic archaeology.
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Milky Way Disk
A comprehensive review of the post-Gaia view of the Milky Way disk as a non-equilibrium, barred spiral galaxy with distinct thick and thin stellar populations.
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Metal-Poor Stars in the Milky Way System
A review summarizing the known properties of metal-poor stars in the Milky Way and their role as probes of early-universe nucleosynthesis and galaxy formation.
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