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arxiv: 2304.05202 · v3 · pith:HVRARNHRnew · submitted 2023-04-11 · 🌌 astro-ph.CO

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Measurement of the DR6 CMB Lensing Power Spectrum and its Implications for Structure Growth

Frank J. Qu , Blake D. Sherwin , Mathew S. Madhavacheril , Dongwon Han , Kevin T. Crowley , Irene Abril-Cabezas , Peter A. R. Ade , Simone Aiola
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Tommy Alford Mandana Amiri Stefania Amodeo Rui An Zachary Atkins Jason E. Austermann Nicholas Battaglia Elia Stefano Battistelli James A. Beall Rachel Bean Benjamin Beringue Tanay Bhandarkar Emily Biermann Boris Bolliet J Richard Bond Hongbo Cai Erminia Calabrese Victoria Calafut Valentina Capalbo Felipe Carrero Julien Carron Anthony Challinor Grace E. Chesmore Hsiao-mei Cho Steve K. Choi Susan E. Clark Rodrigo C\'ordova Rosado Nicholas F. Cothard Kevin Coughlin William Coulton Roohi Dalal Omar Darwish Mark J. Devlin Simon Dicker Peter Doze Cody J. Duell Shannon M. Duff Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden Jo Dunkley Rolando D\"unner Valentina Fanfani Max Fankhanel Gerrit Farren Simone Ferraro Rodrigo Freundt Brittany Fuzia Patricio A. Gallardo Xavier Garrido Vera Gluscevic Joseph E. Golec Yilun Guan Mark Halpern Ian Harrison Matthew Hasselfield Erin Healy Shawn Henderson Brandon Hensley Carlos Herv\'ias-Caimapo J. Colin Hill Gene C. Hilton Matt Hilton Adam D. Hincks Ren\'ee Hlo\v{z}ek Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho Zachary B. Huber Johannes Hubmayr Kevin M. Huffenberger John P. Hughes Kent Irwin Giovanni Isopi Hidde T. Jense Ben Keller Joshua Kim Kenda Knowles Brian J. Koopman Arthur Kosowsky Darby Kramer Aleksandra Kusiak Adrien La Posta Alex Lague Victoria Lakey Eunseong Lee Zack Li Yaqiong Li Michele Limon Martine Lokken Thibaut Louis Marius Lungu Niall MacCrann Amanda MacInnis Diego Maldonado Felipe Maldonado Maya Mallaby-Kay Gabriela A. Marques Jeff McMahon Yogesh Mehta Felipe Menanteau Kavilan Moodley Thomas W. Morris Tony Mroczkowski Sigurd Naess Toshiya Namikawa Federico Nati Laura Newburgh Andrina Nicola Michael D. Niemack Michael R. Nolta John Orlowski-Scherer Lyman A. Page Shivam Pandey Bruce Partridge Heather Prince Roberto Puddu Federico Radiconi Naomi Robertson Felipe Rojas Tai Sakuma Maria Salatino Emmanuel Schaan Benjamin L. Schmitt Neelima Sehgal Shabbir Shaikh Carlos Sierra Jon Sievers Crist\'obal Sif\'on Sara Simon Rita Sonka David N. Spergel Suzanne T. Staggs Emilie Storer Eric R. Switzer Niklas Tampier Robert Thornton Hy Trac Jesse Treu Carole Tucker Joel Ulluom Leila R. Vale Alexander Van Engelen Jeff Van Lanen Joshiwa van Marrewijk Cristian Vargas Eve M. Vavagiakis Kasey Wagoner Yuhan Wang Lukas Wenzl Edward J. Wollack Zhilei Xu Fernando Zago Kaiwen Zhang
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-21 13:32 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.CO
keywords CMB lensingcosmic structure growthACT DR6Lambda CDMS8 parameterpower spectrumAtacama Cosmology Telescope
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The pith

ACT DR6 measures CMB lensing amplitude at 1.01 times the Lambda CDM prediction and constrains S8 to 0.818 with no low-redshift suppression.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reports new measurements of the cosmic microwave background lensing power spectrum from five seasons of Atacama Cosmology Telescope observations covering 9400 square degrees. These data determine the lensing power spectrum amplitude to 2.3 percent precision through a pipeline designed to limit foreground and noise contamination. The measured spectrum fits an amplitude of 1.013 plus or minus 0.023 relative to the Planck 2018 Lambda CDM model and 1.005 plus or minus 0.023 relative to the ACT DR4 plus WMAP model. From this spectrum the authors extract the parameter combination S^CMBL_8 equal to 0.818 plus or minus 0.022 from ACT lensing alone, or 0.813 plus or minus 0.018 when combined with Planck lensing. The result shows that structure growth between redshifts 0.5 and 5 matches the amount expected from early-universe CMB anisotropies at redshift 1100.

Core claim

The central claim is that the ACT DR6 CMB lensing power spectrum is well fit by a lensing amplitude A_lens of 1.013 plus or minus 0.023 relative to the Planck 2018 best-fit Lambda CDM model. This measurement yields a constraint on S^CMBL_8 of 0.818 plus or minus 0.022 from lensing data alone, in excellent agreement with Lambda CDM predictions derived from CMB power spectra. The lensing signal from redshifts 0.5 to 5 therefore shows no evidence for suppression of cosmic structure growth at low redshifts.

What carries the argument

The CMB lensing power spectrum extracted via a novel pipeline that minimizes sensitivity to foregrounds and noise properties, validated through blinded analysis, null tests, and systematic error estimates.

If this is right

  • Structure growth from z approximately 0.5 to 5 matches Lambda CDM predictions based on CMB anisotropies at z approximately 1100.
  • Combining ACT DR6 lensing with Planck NPIPE lensing tightens the S^CMBL_8 constraint to 0.813 plus or minus 0.018.
  • No evidence appears for any suppression in the amplitude of cosmic structure at low redshifts.
  • CMB lensing provides an independent probe of structure growth that aligns with early-universe constraints.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The agreement suggests that reported S8 tensions from other probes may stem from systematics rather than new physics.
  • These measurements supply a reference for cross-checking with galaxy weak-lensing surveys at lower redshifts.
  • Higher-precision lensing data from future instruments could test for small deviations from Lambda CDM growth history.

Load-bearing premise

The pipeline and suite of null tests have fully removed or accounted for residual foreground contamination and instrumental systematics in the temperature and polarization maps.

What would settle it

An independent lensing power spectrum measurement from another experiment that returns an A_lens value differing from 1 by more than three standard deviations.

read the original abstract

We present new measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing over $9400$ sq. deg. of the sky. These lensing measurements are derived from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) CMB dataset, which consists of five seasons of ACT CMB temperature and polarization observations. We determine the amplitude of the CMB lensing power spectrum at $2.3\%$ precision ($43\sigma$ significance) using a novel pipeline that minimizes sensitivity to foregrounds and to noise properties. To ensure our results are robust, we analyze an extensive set of null tests, consistency tests, and systematic error estimates and employ a blinded analysis framework. The baseline spectrum is well fit by a lensing amplitude of $A_{\mathrm{lens}}=1.013\pm0.023$ relative to the Planck 2018 CMB power spectra best-fit $\Lambda$CDM model and $A_{\mathrm{lens}}=1.005\pm0.023$ relative to the $\text{ACT DR4} + \text{WMAP}$ best-fit model. From our lensing power spectrum measurement, we derive constraints on the parameter combination $S^{\mathrm{CMBL}}_8 \equiv \sigma_8 \left({\Omega_m}/{0.3}\right)^{0.25}$ of $S^{\mathrm{CMBL}}_8= 0.818\pm0.022$ from ACT DR6 CMB lensing alone and $S^{\mathrm{CMBL}}_8= 0.813\pm0.018$ when combining ACT DR6 and Planck NPIPE CMB lensing power spectra. These results are in excellent agreement with $\Lambda$CDM model constraints from Planck or $\text{ACT DR4} + \text{WMAP}$ CMB power spectrum measurements. Our lensing measurements from redshifts $z\sim0.5$--$5$ are thus fully consistent with $\Lambda$CDM structure growth predictions based on CMB anisotropies probing primarily $z\sim1100$. We find no evidence for a suppression of the amplitude of cosmic structure at low redshifts

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports a new measurement of the CMB lensing power spectrum over 9400 sq. deg. from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope DR6 dataset (five seasons of temperature and polarization observations). A novel pipeline yields a 2.3%-precision (43σ) determination of the lensing amplitude, with A_lens = 1.013 ± 0.023 relative to the Planck 2018 best-fit ΛCDM model and A_lens = 1.005 ± 0.023 relative to the ACT DR4 + WMAP model. From the measured spectrum the authors derive S^CMBL_8 = 0.818 ± 0.022 from ACT lensing alone (and 0.813 ± 0.018 when combined with Planck NPIPE lensing), both fully consistent with ΛCDM structure-growth predictions; no evidence is found for suppression of cosmic structure at low redshifts (z ∼ 0.5–5).

Significance. If the central result holds, the work supplies one of the highest-precision CMB-lensing power-spectrum measurements to date and furnishes an independent, high-redshift test of structure growth that is directly comparable to primary-CMB constraints. The blinded analysis, extensive null/consistency tests, and foreground-robust pipeline constitute clear strengths that support the reliability of the A_lens and S^CMBL_8 values. The agreement with ΛCDM at the ∼2 % level helps address possible low-redshift growth tensions reported by other probes.

minor comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that the pipeline “minimizes sensitivity to foregrounds and to noise properties,” but a concise one-sentence summary of the dominant foreground-cleaning technique (e.g., the specific deprojection or masking strategy) would help readers immediately grasp the novelty.
  2. [Results section (around the baseline spectrum figure)] Figure captions for the lensing power-spectrum plots should explicitly note the multipole range used for the A_lens fit and the binning scheme; this information appears in the text but is not repeated in the figures.
  3. [Parameter constraints subsection] The definition of S^CMBL_8 ≡ σ_8 (Ω_m / 0.3)^0.25 is given once; repeating the exact exponent and pivot value in the first paragraph of the parameter-constraints subsection would improve readability for non-expert readers.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive and constructive review of our manuscript. We are pleased that the referee recognizes the significance of the ACT DR6 CMB lensing measurement, the robustness of our blinded analysis and null tests, and the implications for structure growth. We appreciate the recommendation to accept.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in observational measurement

full rationale

The paper reports a direct extraction of the CMB lensing power spectrum from new ACT DR6 temperature and polarization observations over 9400 sq. deg. The amplitude A_lens is obtained by comparing this measured spectrum to independent best-fit Lambda CDM models from Planck 2018 and from ACT DR4 + WMAP; S^CMBL_8 is then derived from the same measured spectrum. The pipeline is validated by an extensive suite of null tests, consistency tests, and systematic budgets under a blinded framework. No equation or step reduces the reported spectrum, A_lens, or S8 value to a parameter fitted from the identical lensing data, nor does any load-bearing premise rest on a self-citation chain. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The measurement relies on standard assumptions about CMB foregrounds, noise modeling, and the validity of Lambda CDM as a reference model. The fitted A_lens is the primary free parameter reported.

free parameters (1)
  • A_lens = 1.013
    Amplitude scaling the lensing power spectrum relative to a reference Lambda CDM model; fitted directly to the measured spectrum.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard Lambda CDM cosmology with parameters taken from Planck 2018 or ACT DR4 + WMAP best-fit models serves as the reference for A_lens and S8 comparisons.
    Invoked when stating that the measured spectrum is well fit by A_lens near 1 and when deriving S8 constraints.

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Forward citations

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