D-brane Approach to Black Hole Quantum Mechanics

Curtis G. Callan; Juan M. Maldacena

REVIEW

D-brane Approach to Black Hole Quantum Mechanics

Curtis G. Callan, Juan M. Maldacena

High Energy Physics - Theory · Submitted 9 Feb 1996 · 35 references

Pith's verdict: The extremal count is a clean re-derivation of Strominger-Vafa; the near-extremal entropy and Hawking rate are a well-labeled consistency check, not a derivation, and the authors say so themselves.

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CitationCurtis G. Callan, Juan M. Maldacena. "D-brane Approach to Black Hole Quantum Mechanics." arXiv:hep-th/9602043 (1996). https://pith.science/paper/YVVTKSUJ

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Editor's note

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Worth your time, with one caveat the authors flag themselves before you get to it. What is actually new here is not the extremal entropy count. Callan and Maldacena say outright that their result will not be significantly different from Strominger-Vafa's. The new content is threefold: a toroidal compactification picture that makes the near-extremal deformation tractable; the near-extremal entropy increment (Eq. 4.2) matching the Reissner-Nordstrom relation (Eq. 2.3) with the right coefficient; and a concrete decay channel, a right-moving open string annihilating a left-moving one into a closed string, whose rate comes out thermal at exactly the Hawking temperature (Eqs. 4.7, 4.8). The geometric discussion in Sec. 3, where the point at r=0 turns out to be a 3-sphere of finite area, is the part I would hand to a student. The extremal sector is solid. BPS degeneracy is protected, so comparing a weak-coupling count to a strong-coupling horizon area is legitimate, and the two sides agree with no fitting. The near-extremal sector is a consistency check, not a derivation, and the stress-test note has this right. The states in Sec. 4 are non-BPS; nothing protects their degeneracy as gQ grows. Worse, the factor of three in Eq. 4.2 depends on identifying brane-antibrane entropy with oscillator entropy via U-duality. The authors call that argument less than rigorous and note that dropping it leaves the entropy increment missing the factor of three. Even a fully controlled weak-coupling computation would not close this without an independent coupling-independence argument, and none is given. The strong-coupling problem, gQ of order g squared N much greater than one, is acknowledged in the abstract and argued around qualitatively in Sec. 4; the argument is plausible but not quantitative. The information-loss conclusion is explicitly conditional on that optimism, and the Sec. 6 acknowledgement is unusually blunt about the original submission having overestimated it. Read that sentence as a hope, not a result. Who should read it: anyone working on black hole microstates or open-closed duality. It is a foundational paper for the near-extremal program, and the decay-rate calculation is still the template. Peer review: yes, send it out. The extremal claim is checkable and correct; the rest is a well-labeled research program.

Referee report

Significance

If the construction holds, this is a landmark result: it exhibits an explicit, weakly coupled D-brane configuration whose degeneracy reproduces the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of a genuine five-dimensional black hole, and it turns Hawking evaporation into an ordinary open-string decay process with a calculable disc amplitude. The extremal match is especially strong because it is parameter-free and cross-checked between two independent computations — a state count on one side and a horizon area on the other — and because the entropy formula is topological, independent of the string coupling and compactification radii. The near-extremal temperature match (Eq. 4.8 equals Eq. 2.4) is exact, and the identification of the decay channel (opposite-momentum open strings annihilating into a closed string) is a concrete, falsifiable picture. The paper is also commendably candid about its own weak points, including the correction recorded in Sec. 6.

Major objections (3)

[Sec. 4, Eq. 4.2 and the U-duality argument] The factor of three in Eq. 4.2 is the paper's headline quantitative success in the non-extremal sector, and it rests on identifying the entropy of added anti-1-branes and anti-5-branes with that of right-moving oscillator states via U-duality. The authors themselves call this argument 'less than rigorous' and note that dropping the anti-brane sectors would leave the entropy increment 'missing the factor of three.' The acknowledged gap is not the problem; the residual issue is that no independent check of the identification is offered. A concrete test would strengthen the claim considerably: compute the anti-brane degeneracy directly at weak coupling in a U-dual frame where the anti-branes are mapped to momentum states, and verify both the square-root law and its coefficient. Relatedly, the text asserts that denumeration is 'equally meaningful' for brane-antibrane pairs as for left-right oscillator pairs, but does not compare the annihilation timescale of the unstable pair to the Hawking evaporation timescale; if the pair annihilates much faster than the black hole evaporates, the microcanonical ensemble being counted is not obviously the right one. This point is load-bearing for the near-extremal entropy claim and deserves an explicit argument.
[Sec. 4, paragraph selecting longitudinal string modes as dominant] The argument that the dominant entropy increment comes from modes along the string is presented as a comparison of exponents: a p-dimensional membrane gas gives δM^{p/(p+1)}, so p=1 gives δM^{1/2} and p=2 gives δM^{2/3}. As written this comparison favors the higher-dimensional gas for δM > 1 in string units, so the stated conclusion does not follow from the exponent alone. The controlling reason is in fact given elsewhere in the same paragraph — the (5,5) modes are gapped by the (1,5) condensate and so are unavailable — but the text does not make that the explicit basis of the conclusion. Please restructure so that the gapping is the stated reason the string modes dominate, and the scaling comparison is used only to exclude ungapped alternatives. This matters because the whole structure of Eq. 4.2 presumes the longitudinal open-string sector is the relevant one.
[Sec. 4, Eq. 4.7 and abstract sentence s3] The abstract states that 'the results agree perfectly with standard Hawking results,' and sentence s2 advertises a string-theory calculation of the 'radiation rate.' The temperature match (Eq. 4.8 versus Eq. 2.4) is exact and the area scaling in Eq. 4.7 is correct, but the overall coefficient of the rate is explicitly left uncomputed — Eq. 4.7 is quoted 'up to a numerical constant,' and the authors say it 'will be very interesting to calculate the coefficient.' The claim of a calculation of the radiation rate, and the phrase 'agree perfectly,' therefore overstate what is established for the rate specifically. Either compute the coefficient, or qualify the abstract and the Sec. 5 summary so that 'agree perfectly' is explicitly restricted to the entropy and the temperature, with the rate described as correct in its thermal form and area scaling but not in overall normalization.

Minor objections (5)

[Sec. 3, footnote on the orbifold] The footnote correctly records that the instanton-moduli-space analysis suggests (T^4)^{Q1Q5}/S(Q1Q5) rather than (T^4)^{Q1Q5}/(S(Q1)×S(Q5)), and correctly notes that the central charge and large-N degeneracy are unaffected, so Eq. 3.1 stands. It would help to state this non-load-bearing status in one explicit sentence in the main text rather than only in the footnote, since a reader may otherwise worry that the entropy count depends on the unresolved orbifold question.
[Sec. 4, Eq. 4.3] The text refers to '4Q1Q4 bosonic open string states'; this should read 4Q1Q5, consistent with the rest of the paper.
[Sec. 6, Acknowledgements] The disclosure that the original submission 'suffered from a serious underestimate ... of the severity of the open string strong coupling problem' is commendable and the revised abstract's conditional phrasing ('In this optimistic scenario') is appropriate. The body of Sec. 5 should be checked for consistency with this softening; phrases such as 'in perfect agreement with the canonical formulae' are fine for the entropy and temperature but should not be read as extending to the uncomputed rate coefficient.
[References and typography] Reference [2] spells the author 'Beckenstein'; it should be 'Bekenstein.' The word 'denumeration' is used repeatedly where 'enumeration' is intended. There are several duplicated words: 'give give' in Sec. 1, 'and and' in Sec. 5, and 'that that' in Sec. 4. The Sec. 3 footnote thanks 'Cumrum Vafa'; the name is Cumrun Vafa. In Sec. 2, 'we will shortly explain this is more detail' should read 'in more detail,' and 'will not be need in what follows' should read 'will not be needed.'
[Figures 1 and 2] The Figure 2 caption ('D-brane description of a string before and after falling through the horizon') is terse relative to the conceptual weight the figure carries in Sec. 3; a sentence identifying the three labels (i, j, n) with the depicted open-string endpoints would make the correspondence the text claims easier to follow.

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The paper

The paper claims

A stack of D-branes and a gas of open strings reproduces the entropy, the temperature and the radiation rate of a five-dimensional charged black hole, suggesting that black hole thermodynamics is ordinary string thermodynamics.

The reading

The paper asks whether the thermodynamic behaviour of a black hole can be recovered from a microscopic string-theory description of the states that carry its entropy. Working in type IIB string theory on five flat dimensions times a five-torus, the authors assemble a configuration of $Q_5$ fivebranes wrapped on the torus, $Q_1$ onebranes wrapped on one circle of it, and $N$ units of left-moving momentum carried by open strings stretched between the two kinds of brane. Counting the massless open-string excitations at that momentum level gives an entropy $2π√(Q_1 Q_5 N)$, exactly the horizon area law of the corresponding extremal Reissner-Nordström solution. Adding a small amount of right-moving momentum, together with compensating brane-antibrane pairs so that the compactification geometry stays fixed, reproduces the near-extremal entropy formula including its numerical coefficient, and the decay of a right-mover against a left-mover into a closed string gives a thermal spectrum at precisely the Hawking temperature. If the picture holds, a black hole horizon is not a new kind of object but a particular highly degenerate state of strings and branes, and quantum evolution of that state is unitary.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the (1,5) and (5,1) open-string sector: strings with one end on a onebrane and one on a fivebrane, whose massless modes form $4Q_1Q_5$ left-moving bosons and fermions. Because a condensate of these strings gives expectation values to fields charged under the $U(Q_1) × U(Q_5)$ gauge symmetry, the (1,1) and (5,5) strings become massive and drop out of the counting, leaving a single free superconformal field theory whose level number is the quantised momentum $N$. The same sector, once right-movers are included, provides the microscopic ensemble used to compute the thermal occupation numbers $ρ_R$ and $ρ_L$ that convert a disc-level open-to-closed string amplitude into a macroscopic emission rate. A U-duality transformation, built from T-dualities and the ten-dimensional S-duality, is used to argue that anti-brane entropy counts the same way as right-moving momentum, which is what supplies the factor of three in the near-extremal entropy formula.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that a specific, weakly coupled D-brane configuration in type IIB string theory on $M^5 × T^5$ has a low-energy limit that is the five-dimensional Reissner-Nordström black hole, and that the degeneracy of the brane configuration reproduces the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. The three charges of the solution correspond to the fivebrane wrapping number $Q_5$, the onebrane wrapping number $Q_1$, and the quantised momentum $N/R$ along the onebrane direction. The open strings joining onebranes to fivebranes supply $4Q_1Q_5$ species of left-moving bosons and fermions, i.e. a conformal field theory of central charge $6Q_1Q_5$, whose level-$N$ degeneracy is $e^{2π√(Q_1Q_5N)}$ and matches the horizon area $2π√(Q_1Q_5N)$ computed from the supergravity solution. Moving slightly off extremality by adding $δN_R$ right-movers and equal numbers of anti-onebranes and anti-fivebranes, with the ratios fixed so that the dilaton and torus volume stay constant, gives an entropy increase $(ΔS/S) = 3√2 √(ΔM/M)$, again matching the classical formula. Finally, the decay of a right-moving open string against a left-moving one into an escaping closed string yields a rate proportional to the horizon area and a Boltzmann factor at $T_H = 2π r_e √(ΔM/2M)$, the classical Hawking temperature.

Load-bearing premise

The weak-coupling open-string description is assumed to remain the right description of the horizon even though a classical horizon requires $g^2 N ≫ 1$, the regime where open-string loop corrections of order $g^2N$ are expected to be large; the authors argue only qualitatively that the background of open strings suppresses them.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Black hole entropy is a degeneracy count of identifiable string states rather than a separate thermodynamic postulate, at least for this class of charged five-dimensional solutions.
Hawking radiation is ordinary decay: two open strings of opposite longitudinal momentum annihilate into a closed string that escapes, and the resulting spectrum is thermal once the initial microstate is unknown.
The near-extremal entropy formula fixes the relative coefficients of the three charge contributions, so any string construction reproducing the strict Reissner-Nordström solution must include the brane-antibrane contributions with the same weight as the momentum contribution.
If the same logic extends, quantum evolution of the brane configuration is unitary and there is no information loss; infalling states would be recorded in the horizon open-string Hilbert space.
The horizon degrees of freedom are indexed by three integers, the momentum and the two brane labels, hinting at a discrete count of horizon cells.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The paper's emission-rate calculation is deliberately left with an undetermined overall coefficient; computing it against the known greybody absorption cross section of the classical five-dimensional black hole is the sharpest available test of whether the disc amplitude really is the horizon's coupling.
The authors' claim that a dense background of open strings screens loop corrections is testable in principle by comparing the open-string loop expansion in the presence of the condensate against the naive $g^2N$ estimate; a controlled computation in a simpler brane background with separated branes would show whether the screening mechanism is generic.
The counting argument relies on treating the onebrane-fivebrane system as if all $Q_1Q_5$ strands were indistinguishable; the footnote acknowledging that the correct orbifold is $(T^4)^{Q_1Q_5}/S(Q_1Q_5)$ rather than a product of separate symmetries suggests the microscopic Hilbert space has more symmetry than the brane construction makes manifest, which may matter for subleading corrections to th
If the horizon is literally the brane configuration at a point, then the map from infalling geodesics labelled by angles on the horizon three-sphere to the discrete triple $(i,j,n)$ is a concrete dictionary worth constructing; it would give the holographic correspondence an explicit worked example in five dimensions.

Original abstract

Strominger and Vafa have used D-brane technology to identify and precisely count the degenerate quantum states responsible for the entropy of certain extremal, BPS-saturated black holes. Here we give a Type-II D-brane description of a class of extremal {\it and} non-extremal five-dimensional Reissner-Nordstr\"om solutions and identify a corresponding set of degenerate D-brane configurations. We use this information to do a string theory calculation of the entropy, radiation rate and ``Hawking'' temperature. The results agree perfectly with standard Hawking results for the corresponding nearly extremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om black holes. Although these calculations suffer from open-string strong coupling problems, we give some reasons to believe that they are nonetheless qualitatively reliable. In this optimistic scenario there would be no ``information loss'' in black hole quantum evolution.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 4,932 input tokens, $0.0002 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.06 · states limitation 0.97 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.12 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.15 · compares with prior results 0.94 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

Strominger and Vafa have used D-brane technology to identify and precisely count the degenerate quantum states responsible for the entropy of certain extremal, BPS-saturated black holes. Here we give a Type-II D-brane description of a class of extremal {\it and} non-extremal five-dimensional Reissner-Nordstr\"om solutions and identify a corresponding set of degenerate D-brane configurations. We use this information to do a string theory calculation of the entropy, radiation rate and ``Hawking'' temperature. The results agree perfectly with standard Hawking results for the corresponding nearly extremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om black holes. Although these calculations suffer from open-string strong coupling problems, we give some reasons to believe that they are nonetheless qualitatively reliable. In this optimistic scenario there would be no ``information loss'' in black hole quantum evolution.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	Strominger and Vafa have used D-brane technology to identify and precisely count the degenerate quantum states responsible for the entropy of certain extremal, BPS-saturated black holes.	background 1.00	0.03	0.05	asserted 1.00
s1	Here we give a Type-II D-brane description of a class of extremal {\it and} non-extremal five-dimensional Reissner-Nordstr\"om solutions and identify a corresponding set of degenerate D-brane configurations.	contribution 0.99	0.95	0.12	asserted 1.00
s2	We use this information to do a string theory calculation of the entropy, radiation rate and ``Hawking'' temperature.	method 0.84	0.95	0.07	asserted 0.97
s3	The results agree perfectly with standard Hawking results for the corresponding nearly extremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om black holes.	result 1.00	0.89	0.43	asserted 1.00
s4	Although these calculations suffer from open-string strong coupling problems, we give some reasons to believe that they are nonetheless qualitatively reliable.	limitation 1.00	0.63	0.06	hedged possibility 0.83
s5	In this optimistic scenario there would be no ``information loss'' in black hole quantum evolution.	interpretation 1.00	0.18	0.32	hedged possibility 0.59

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 1.00 · evidence from proof or derivation 0.92.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v2

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

Figures

**Figure 1.** FIGURE 1: Configuration of intersecting D-branes. We show tw

**Figure 2.** FIGURE 2: D-brane description of a string before and after fa

Figures reproduced from arXiv:hep-th/9602043 by the authors.

References

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Robust entanglement renormalization on a noisy quantum computer
quant-ph 2017-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A MERA-like tensor network (DMERA) can be contracted on a noisy quantum computer with qubits logarithmic in the inverse target precision, and its energy estimate is provably stable to local noise and variational.
Maxwell's Equations in the Myers-Perry Geometry
hep-th 2017-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

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Relative entropy of excited states in two dimensional conformal field theories
hep-th 2016-03 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

For any 2d CFT, the relative entropy between two primary excited states of equal conformal dimension in the small interval limit is proportional to the trace square distance, with a coefficient fixed by the lightest d...
AdS3 Holography for 1/4 and 1/8 BPS geometries
hep-th 2015-07 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

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hep-th 2013-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

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Time Dependence of Hawking Radiation Entropy
hep-th 2013-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

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New D1-D5-P geometries from string amplitudes
hep-th 2011-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

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Micromanaging de Sitter holography
hep-th 2010-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The authors construct three-dimensional de Sitter vacua in string theory whose compact brane construction provides a parametric microscopic account of the Gibbons-Hawking entropy.
Deforming the D1D5 CFT away from the orbifold point
hep-th 2010-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Acting with the twist deformation operator on two Ramond-ground-state copies of the c=6 CFT produces a squeezed state whose bosonic and fermionic pair coefficients are computed in closed form.
Peculiar properties of a charged dilatonic black hole in AdS_5
hep-th 2009-11 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

A charged dilatonic AdS5 black hole with linear low-temperature specific heat supports an exact closed-form fermion normal mode, making it a candidate holographic dual of a Fermi liquid.
A Correspondence Principle for Black Holes and Strings
hep-th 1996-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

When a black hole's horizon curvature reaches the string scale, its Bekenstein-Hawking entropy matches the entropy of the strings and D-branes carrying the same charges, up to an order-one coefficient.
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hep-th 2026-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

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hep-th 2025-11 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

A new action for entanglement entropy in AdS3/CFT2 derives gravity equations, reduces to a string worldsheet, reproduces bit threads, and unifies several quantum gravity conjectures.
On the Underlying Nonrelativistic Nature of Relativistic Holography
hep-th 2025-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Standard AdS/CFT duality is reinterpreted as D-brane/black-brane duality in nonrelativistic D3-brane theory, with AdS5×S5 as a relativistic bubble in flat 3-Newton-Cartan geometry.
A classical model for semiclassical state-counting
hep-th 2025-01 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

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Universal Entropy and Hawking Radiation of Near-Extremal AdS$_4$ Black Holes
hep-th 2020-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Near-extremal AdS4 electrically charged rotating black hole entropy is shown to equal S* plus (C/TH)_* times TH, with the same expression obtained from gravity, near-horizon Kerr/CFT, and boundary ABJM computations.
Complexity, action, and black holes
hep-th 2015-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

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hep-th 2013-11 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Explicit regular, asymptotically flat three-charge microstate geometries are built from two-charge seeds by chiral algebra transformations, with angular momenta matching a free-orbifold CFT computation.
Is the firewall consistent?: Gedanken experiments on black hole complementarity and firewall proposal
gr-qc 2012-10 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

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3-charge geometries and their CFT duals
hep-th 2004-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Two families of D1-D5-P microstate geometries are constructed and shown to cap off smoothly, with their CFT duals identified via travel-time and absorption-threshold matching.
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hep-th 2011-01 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Numerical models confirm that small corrections to Hawking emission cannot remove the radiation's entanglement with the hole; only order-unity horizon modifications can.
Fuzzballs and the information paradox: a summary and conjectures
hep-th 2008-10 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

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Locality in quantum gravity and string theory
hep-th 2006-04 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

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Microscopic Formulation of Black Holes in String Theory
hep-th 2002-03 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

The low-energy conformal field theory of the D1-D5 brane system, with central charge 6Q1Q5, reproduces the five-dimensional black hole's Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and its Hawking rate, including four scalar modes tha...
Fundamental Physics Opportunities with the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope
astro-ph.HE 2023-12 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

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Black Holes and Beyond
hep-th 2012-05 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

Black hole microstates in string theory are horizonless fuzzballs, and treating them as entangled quantum states yields conjectural explanations of Rindler and de Sitter entropy, complementarity, and infall.
Using the D1D5 CFT to Understand Black Holes
hep-th 2010-12 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

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Modave Lectures on Fuzzballs and Emission from the D1-D5 System
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The fuzzball proposal for black holes
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Black Holes, Black Rings and their Microstates
hep-th 2007-01 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

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hep-th 2002-03 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

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Large N Field Theories, String Theory and Gravity
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How later papers used it

156 later papers cite it

Evidence: substantial. 156 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 16 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 16 of the 227 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

1 later paper by other authors is listed below: 1 built on it.

Builds on it 1 of 4 papers with this label

Generalized this paper's work for asymptotically flat black holes by providing a path to understanding the Hawking radiation rate for near-extremal asymptotically AdS5 black holes from the dual N=4 SYM.

Toward an Effective CFT$_2$ from $\mathcal{N}=4$ Super Yang-Mills and Aspects of Hawking Radiation (2020) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

How the literature uses it

147 arXiv papers cite this in 214 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 129 sentences without a confident label

Builds on it 4 papers

Our picture provides a concrete path to the understanding of the rate of Hawking radiation for near-extremal asymptotically AdS$_5$ black holes from the dual $𝒩=4$ SYM, which generalizes the previous work by Callan and Maldacena [ref] for asymptotically flat black holes and the work by Gubser, Klebanov and Peet on near-extremal black D3-branes [ref] .

Toward an Effective CFT$_2$ from $\mathcal{N}=4$ Super Yang-Mills and Aspects of Hawking Radiation · Introduction · 1.00
Our motivation for transposing the approach of [ref] to the D1-D5-P black hole of [ref] is twofold.

Near-horizon microstates of the D1-D5-P black hole · Introduction and summary · 0.88
In particular, references [ref] extended the success of [ref] to the five-dimensional near-extremal setting.

A General Black String and its Microscopics · Introduction · 0.80

Uses its method or tool 3 papers

Following [ref] one can evaluate the radiation rate as dΓ∼d^4 k/k_0 1/p_0^L p_0^R |𝒜|^2 c_L ρ_L (k_0) ρ_R (k_0) , where $𝒜$ denotes the disc amplitude of strings, and the central charge $c_L$ accounts for the degrees of freedom for a given momentum $n$.

Toward an Effective CFT$_2$ from $\mathcal{N}=4$ Super Yang-Mills and Aspects of Hawking Radiation · Hawking Radiation Rate · 0.93
This is just the microscopic model used to describe the absorption of gravitons by the D1D5 black hole [ref] , so we may borrow the analysis from that treatment.

An equation of state in the limit of high densities · Transition into a band: a toy model · 0.93
More precisely, if we look at the emission from this latter state (following the methods of [ref] ), then we should get an emission of many low energy quanta rather than the few high energy quanta that we started with.

One-Loop Transition Amplitudes in the D1D5 CFT · Quantum quenches · 0.95

Compares with it 5 papers

Therefore, the entropy becomes [equation] which exactly agrees with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy ([ref]) [ref] .

Transport coefficients of D1-D5-P system and the membrane paradigm · Transport coefficients of effective string model · 0.84
It will be necessary to do more serious and extensive comparison with the quantities given in [ref] .

Coulomb Force as an Entropic Force · Discussion · 1.00
This scaling for the string coupling is closely analogous to the D1–D5/F1-NS5 system [ref] .

Toward a worldsheet theory of entanglement entropy · Deriving bit threads in string theory · 0.98

Cites it as support 2 papers

Support for this picture comes from the fact that the free CFT reproduces the entropy of the near extremal black hole [ref] ; if most of the excitations in the CFT were lifted to high dimensions, we would get insufficient entropy to reproduce the black hole value.

A model with no firewall · Evolution after reaching the horizon · 0.98
In fact, Refs. [ref] show that such a consideration leads to a perturbative matching between the $S_micro$ and $S_macro$, for a set of brane charges and a given mass.

On Real Intrinsic Wall Crossings · Introduction · 0.96

Cites it as background 68 papers

In more detail, the starting point for the classic derivation of AdS/CFT is the statement [ref] that [equation] and Maldacena's low-energy/near-horizon limit transmutes this equivalence into[Here we write AdS$_p+2×$S$^8-p$ as a metonym for the conformally-related [ref] near-horizon geometry of the RR black $p$-brane [ref] , Eq. ([ref]).

On the Underlying Nonrelativistic Nature of Relativistic Holography · Nonrelativity in Relativistic Holography · 0.92
Since the seminal papers [ref] we know that at zero string coupling $g_s=0$, the number of these configurations matches the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the extremal three-charge black hole.

New D1-D5-P geometries from string amplitudes · Introduction · 0.88
Remarkably, the black hole complementarity principle [ref] [ref] [ref] cooperates well with string theory based on holography (e.g., [ref] [ref] [ref] ).

Constructing a counterexample to the black hole complementarity · Introduction · 0.83

Discussion

Disagree with the review, or know something it missed? Leave a comment, highlight any passage above to comment on it, or challenge this review formally.

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