ALICE measures the radial jet-energy flow observable Δp_T in Pb-Pb (5.02 TeV) and pp (13 TeV) collisions and reports narrowing of the energy distribution in heavy-ion collisions at 3.5-4.5σ significance.
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An Introduction to PYTHIA 8.2
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abstract
The PYTHIA program is a standard tool for the generation of events in high-energy collisions, comprising a coherent set of physics models for the evolution from a few-body hard process to a complex multiparticle final state. It contains a library of hard processes, models for initial- and final-state parton showers, matching and merging methods between hard processes and parton showers, multiparton interactions, beam remnants, string fragmentation and particle decays. It also has a set of utilities and several interfaces to external programs. PYTHIA 8.2 is the second main release after the complete rewrite from Fortran to C++, and now has reached such a maturity that it offers a complete replacement for most applications, notably for LHC physics studies. The many new features should allow an improved description of data.
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- abstract The PYTHIA program is a standard tool for the generation of events in high-energy collisions, comprising a coherent set of physics models for the evolution from a few-body hard process to a complex multiparticle final state. It contains a library of hard processes, models for initial- and final-state parton showers, matching and merging methods between hard processes and parton showers, multiparton interactions, beam remnants, string fragmentation and particle decays. It also has a set of utilities and several interfaces to external programs. PYTHIA 8.2 is the second main release after the com
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representative citing papers
First observation of the B_c^{*+} meson with mass difference 64.5 MeV from the ground-state B_c^+ at >8 sigma significance using ATLAS data.
No excess observed in search for vector-like top quark T to tH in opposite-sign dilepton final states; 95% CL upper limits on sigma times BR range from 2.0 pb at 600 GeV to 0.1 pb at 1000 GeV.
ATLAS reports an 8+ sigma excess in ttbar production near threshold, consistent with NRQCD quasi-bound states and measuring 9.3 pb.
Single inclusive high-PT hadron and jet production in lepton-hadron scattering is factorized using a joint QCD+QED approach with universal lepton distribution functions, and predictions are given for JLab and EIC energies.
First evidence reported for X(3872)→π⁰χ_c0 decay at 3.4σ, with branching fraction ratio 2.3 relative to π⁺π⁻J/ψ, upper limits on other modes, and no signal for X(3915)→π⁰χ_c1.
CMS provides first evidence for electroweak ZZjj production in the ℓℓννjj final state with measured cross section 0.37 fb agreeing with SM prediction 0.39 fb at 3.1σ (5.0σ combined), plus limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings.
First measurement of two-point EEC in 20-80 GeV/c charged jets in p-Pb collisions shows modification relative to pp at the same energy, with enhancement at large angles and suppression at small angles in the 20-40 GeV/c range.
Charged energy correlators measured in jets at the LHC show like-sign pairs sensitive to parton shower models and unlike-sign pairs sensitive to hadronization, with charge-independent cold nuclear matter effects in p-Pb collisions.
Excitations of the worldsheet axion in an effective QCD string theory produce a phase-dependent effective tension that exponentially modifies the rate of string breaking via quark pair nucleation.
RANs generalize moment unfolding to full phase-space unbinned unfolding via detector-level Wasserstein critics without requiring support overlap or multiple iterations.
NNLO+PS matching for gluon-fusion Higgs pair production is implemented in MiNNLOPS with approximate top-mass effects, validated against fixed-order NNLO and compared to GENEVA, with results for decay channels and trilinear coupling variations.
No significant excess found in low-mass dijet spectrum from pile-up collisions; exclusion limits set on Gaussian and simplified dark matter models with 1.3 pb^{-1} effective luminosity.
CMS measures Υ(1S,2S,3S) → τ⁺τ⁻ with 5.8σ significance and cross section 3.5 ± 0.7 (stat) ± 0.7 (syst) nb while setting 95% CL upper limits of 40-400 pb on spin-zero resonance production to ττ with no observed excess in 61.9 fb⁻¹ of 13.6 TeV data.
Boosted light scalars decaying to b b-bar in Type-I 2HDM can be tagged as double-b fat-jets and used with SM gauge bosons to probe heavy scalars up to 540 GeV at the HL-LHC for masses 30-70 GeV.
A modular two-qubit quantum circuit primitive is built to reproduce QCD gluon-splitting entanglement via concurrence, with parameters fitted to LHC data and validated on hardware for three-prong jets.
First differential cross-sections for γγ→ττ in Pb+Pb collisions yield 95% CL intervals -0.057 < a_τ < 0.035 and |d_τ| < 2.7×10^{-16} e cm.
Dark radiation from dark matter produced in Z decays generates long-lived dark photons that dominate over meson decays and bremsstrahlung for small kinetic mixing and masses above the GeV scale, allowing FASER2, FACET, and MATHUSLA to probe relic-abundance-consistent regions beyond conventional dark
A z=6.64 Little Red Dot host shows an AGN-driven ionised outflow reaching ~5500 km/s FWHM, with low mass-loading and clear LRD spectral signatures in the compact nucleus.
A MERA-based autoencoder supplies a locality-aware hierarchical inductive bias that improves reconstruction-based anomaly detection for collider jets, with disentanglers providing benefit at strong compression bottlenecks.
An energy scan of isobaric collisions provides a double-ratio method to measure electric charge transport rapidity dependence, with simulations showing exponential decrease and model-dependent slopes distinct from baryon transport.
First evidence for ZZ gamma production at 3.7 sigma and observation of 4 lepton gamma at 5.0 sigma in CMS data at 13 TeV, with measured fiducial cross sections consistent with predictions.
Template-Adapted Mixture Model uses many biased simulations for data-driven estimates of signal and background distributions, yielding unbiased signal fraction estimates with well-calibrated uncertainties.
CMS measures soft-drop groomed radius and momentum balance plus a charged fragmentation function for b jets, observing dead-cone suppression compared to inclusive jets.
citing papers explorer
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Modification of jet-energy flow in heavy-ion collisions
ALICE measures the radial jet-energy flow observable Δp_T in Pb-Pb (5.02 TeV) and pp (13 TeV) collisions and reports narrowing of the energy distribution in heavy-ion collisions at 3.5-4.5σ significance.
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Observation of a $B_c^{*+}$ meson with the ATLAS detector
First observation of the B_c^{*+} meson with mass difference 64.5 MeV from the ground-state B_c^+ at >8 sigma significance using ATLAS data.
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Search for single vector-like quark production in opposite-sign dilepton final states in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No excess observed in search for vector-like top quark T to tH in opposite-sign dilepton final states; 95% CL upper limits on sigma times BR range from 2.0 pb at 600 GeV to 0.1 pb at 1000 GeV.
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Observation of a cross-section enhancement near the $t\bar{t}$ production threshold in $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector
ATLAS reports an 8+ sigma excess in ttbar production near threshold, consistent with NRQCD quasi-bound states and measuring 9.3 pb.
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Single inclusive hadron and jet production in lepton-hadron scattering
Single inclusive high-PT hadron and jet production in lepton-hadron scattering is factorized using a joint QCD+QED approach with universal lepton distribution functions, and predictions are given for JLab and EIC energies.
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First evidence of $X(3872)\to\pi^0\chi_{c0}(1P)$ and search for $X(3915)\to\pi^0\chi_{c1}(1P)$
First evidence reported for X(3872)→π⁰χ_c0 decay at 3.4σ, with branching fraction ratio 2.3 relative to π⁺π⁻J/ψ, upper limits on other modes, and no signal for X(3915)→π⁰χ_c1.
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Observation of electroweak production of pairs of Z bosons in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV
CMS provides first evidence for electroweak ZZjj production in the ℓℓννjj final state with measured cross section 0.37 fb agreeing with SM prediction 0.39 fb at 3.1σ (5.0σ combined), plus limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings.
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Energy-energy correlators in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.02$ TeV
First measurement of two-point EEC in 20-80 GeV/c charged jets in p-Pb collisions shows modification relative to pp at the same energy, with enhancement at large angles and suppression at small angles in the 20-40 GeV/c range.
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Probing jet evolution with charged energy correlators in small systems
Charged energy correlators measured in jets at the LHC show like-sign pairs sensitive to parton shower models and unlike-sign pairs sensitive to hadronization, with charge-independent cold nuclear matter effects in p-Pb collisions.
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A more effective QCD string at colliders: Decay of excited strings and the worldsheet axion
Excitations of the worldsheet axion in an effective QCD string theory produce a phase-dependent effective tension that exponentially modifies the rate of string breaking via quark pair nucleation.
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Reweighting Adversarial Networks for Unbinned Unfolding
RANs generalize moment unfolding to full phase-space unbinned unfolding via detector-level Wasserstein critics without requiring support overlap or multiple iterations.
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NNLO+PS Higgs-pair production in MiNNLOPS
NNLO+PS matching for gluon-fusion Higgs pair production is implemented in MiNNLOPS with approximate top-mass effects, validated against fixed-order NNLO and compared to GENEVA, with results for decay channels and trilinear coupling variations.
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Search for electroweak scale dijet resonances in pile-up collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
No significant excess found in low-mass dijet spectrum from pile-up collisions; exclusion limits set on Gaussian and simplified dark matter models with 1.3 pb^{-1} effective luminosity.
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Search for low-mass resonances decaying to $\tau\tau$ and measurement of the $\Upsilon$ $\to$ $\tau\tau$ decay in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
CMS measures Υ(1S,2S,3S) → τ⁺τ⁻ with 5.8σ significance and cross section 3.5 ± 0.7 (stat) ± 0.7 (syst) nb while setting 95% CL upper limits of 40-400 pb on spin-zero resonance production to ττ with no observed excess in 61.9 fb⁻¹ of 13.6 TeV data.
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Probing Boosted Light Scalars in the Type-I 2HDM
Boosted light scalars decaying to b b-bar in Type-I 2HDM can be tagged as double-b fat-jets and used with SM gauge bosons to probe heavy scalars up to 540 GeV at the HL-LHC for masses 30-70 GeV.
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Physics inspired quantum algorithm for QCD splitting functions
A modular two-qubit quantum circuit primitive is built to reproduce QCD gluon-splitting entanglement via concurrence, with parameters fitted to LHC data and validated on hardware for three-prong jets.
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Differential measurements of $\gamma\gamma\to\tau\tau$ and constraints on $\tau$-lepton electromagnetic moments in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_\text{NN}}} = 5.02$ TeV with ATLAS
First differential cross-sections for γγ→ττ in Pb+Pb collisions yield 95% CL intervals -0.057 < a_τ < 0.035 and |d_τ| < 2.7×10^{-16} e cm.
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Search for Long-Lived Dark Photons from Dark Radiation at the LHC
Dark radiation from dark matter produced in Z decays generates long-lived dark photons that dominate over meson decays and bremsstrahlung for small kinetic mixing and masses above the GeV scale, allowing FASER2, FACET, and MATHUSLA to probe relic-abundance-consistent regions beyond conventional dark
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Probing Higgs and Top Interactions through the Muon Lens at multi-TeV Muon Colliders
A z=6.64 Little Red Dot host shows an AGN-driven ionised outflow reaching ~5500 km/s FWHM, with low mass-loading and clear LRD spectral signatures in the compact nucleus.
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Quantum-Inspired Tensor Network Autoencoders for Anomaly Detection: A MERA-Based Approach
A MERA-based autoencoder supplies a locality-aware hierarchical inductive bias that improves reconstruction-based anomaly detection for collider jets, with disentanglers providing benefit at strong compression bottlenecks.
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Measure charge transport in high-energy nuclear collisions with an energy scan of isobaric collisions
An energy scan of isobaric collisions provides a double-ratio method to measure electric charge transport rapidity dependence, with simulations showing exponential decrease and model-dependent slopes distinct from baryon transport.
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Evidence of ZZ$\gamma$ production and observation of $4\ell\gamma$ in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
First evidence for ZZ gamma production at 3.7 sigma and observation of 4 lepton gamma at 5.0 sigma in CMS data at 13 TeV, with measured fiducial cross sections consistent with predictions.
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Many Wrongs Make a Right: Leveraging Biased Simulations Towards Unbiased Parameter Inference
Template-Adapted Mixture Model uses many biased simulations for data-driven estimates of signal and background distributions, yielding unbiased signal fraction estimates with well-calibrated uncertainties.
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Jet fragmentation function and groomed substructure of bottom quark jets in proton-proton collisions at 5.02 TeV
CMS measures soft-drop groomed radius and momentum balance plus a charged fragmentation function for b jets, observing dead-cone suppression compared to inclusive jets.
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Searching for a Charged Higgs Boson in Top-Quark Decays via the $WZ$ Mode
Recasting ttZ analyses yields sub-permille constraints on Br(t→H±b)×Br(H±→WZ) and vΔ≲2 GeV in the Y=0 Higgs triplet model, accompanied by a 2σ preference for a non-zero signal.
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Stay Positive: Neural Refinement of Sample Weights
Neural refinement of Monte Carlo sample weights via phase-space scaling and a new resampling protocol that maintains averages and uncertainties.
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Dissecting Parton Showers with Multi-Point Energy Correlators
Projections of four-point energy correlators cleanly separate spin from kinematic azimuthal correlations inside jets; spin effects are subdominant in accessible LHC kinematics.
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Simultaneous efficiency measurements of $b$- and $c$-jets in $t\bar{t}$ events from $\sqrt{s}=13.6$ TeV $pp$ collision data collected with the ATLAS detector
Simultaneous measurements of b-jet tagging and c-jet mistagging efficiency scale factors for the ATLAS GN2 tagger achieve precisions below 2% and 5% respectively using 56 fb⁻¹ of 13.6 TeV ttbar data.
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Higher-order effects in amplitude-assisted polarisation extraction with machine-learning techniques
First NLO-QCD amplitude-assisted ML regression for longitudinal-boson production rate in di-boson events at the LHC, benchmarked against random forests.
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Defining a Minimum Resolution for Unbinned Analyses
The Minimum Resolution Likelihood method defines a fiducial signal region to convert ML-induced systematic effects into statistical uncertainties for unbiased signal strength estimation in collider analyses.
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The one-point charge correlator in deep inelastic scattering
Defines an IRC-safe one-point charge correlator in DIS, relates it to a new nucleon charge correlator in the forward limit and to TMDs in the back-to-back limit, with SCET derivations verified in QCD to O(alpha_s^2) and resummations to NLL/N3LL.
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Hyperon-pair spin tomography beyond scalar spin correlations
Scalar Lambda-pair spin correlations leave a continuous density-matrix degeneracy; full tensor tomography is required to claim entanglement, and a ³P₀ benchmark predicts a specific anisotropy pattern.
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Radiative Signature of New Scalar Boson Decays in the $m_{\ell \ell \gamma}$ Spectrum at the LHC
Reanalysis of CMS ttγ data shows a 2.7σ localized excess in m_ℓℓγ at 152 GeV compatible with S → W⁺W⁻γ from a narrow scalar, yielding a ratio σ(S → W⁺W⁻γ)/σ(S → W⁺W⁻) = (2.14 ± 0.77)%.
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Reweighting Underlying Event and Colour Reconnection parameter variations in Sherpa
A reweighting method is introduced to efficiently study and tune MPI and CR parameter variations in Sherpa using relative weights, demonstrated with LHC and Tevatron data.
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Observation of centrality-dependent dijet transverse momentum imbalance in O+O and Ne+Ne collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.36 TeV with the ATLAS detector
ATLAS observes increasing dijet imbalance with centrality in O+O and Ne+Ne collisions at 5.36 TeV, consistent with medium-induced energy loss in small systems.
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Matrix element method at NLO: A fine proof of concept in POWHEG
Proof-of-concept for NLO matrix element method via POWHEG projections applied to fully leptonic WW production in SMEFT, demonstrating near-optimal classification of BSM versus SM events using lepton correlations.
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Probing lepton flavor mixing in $W_R$ searches with machine learning at the LHC
DNN analysis of pp → WR → ℓNR → ℓℓjj at LHC Run 2 and HL-LHC improves exclusion limits on m_WR and m_NR for unmixed, maximal-mixing, and PMNS-like scenarios over cut-based methods and probes the |Ve1|–|Vμ1| plane.
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Probing pair production of long-lived scalars via an off-shell Standard-Model-like Higgs boson at the LHC
Pair production of long-lived scalars via off-shell Higgs at the LHC is probed with displaced-vertex searches, excluding masses up to ~230 GeV with current ATLAS data for a benchmark coupling.
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Energy-energy correlators inside single inclusive jets in heavy-ion collisions with CoLBT-hydro model
A multi-stage CoLBT-hydro simulation with a 2 GeV medium scale reproduces the CMS in-jet EEC and predicts rank- and rapidity-gap-dependent modifications that encode path length and the diffusion wake.
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Search for soft unclustered energy patterns containing muons in the final state in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
No significant excess observed in search for SUEP signatures with muons; exclusion limits set on mediator cross section times branching fraction down to 0.05 fb at 750 GeV.
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Study of jet-induced hydro response in high-energy heavy-ion collisions with a flow-matching generative model
A conditional flow-matching model trained on CoLBT-hydro reproduces marginal γ-jet medium-response hadron spectra in 0–10% Pb+Pb at 5.02 TeV with ~10⁶× speedup while preserving front and diffusion-wake statistics.
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DNN predictions for pp reference $p_\mathrm{T}$ spectra at unmeasured $\sqrt{s}$
A deep neural network interpolates and extrapolates proton-proton reference transverse-momentum spectra to unmeasured center-of-mass energies using ALICE LHC data.
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Composite top partners in exotic colour representations
Colour-sextet top partners in composite Higgs models are excluded up to 2-2.5 TeV by current LHC data via top-rich decays, with HL-LHC reach near 3 TeV.
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Low-Multiplicity Jets as Probes of GeV-Scale Light-Quark-Coupled Particles
A proposed LHC search using low-multiplicity jets plus a photon can extend sensitivity to GeV-scale particles that couple to light quarks.
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Monte Carlo Event Generation with Continuous Normalizing Flows
Continuous normalizing flows improve unweighting efficiency in Monte Carlo event generation for high-jet-multiplicity collider processes by factors up to 184, with wall-time gains of about ten when combined with coupling-layer flows.
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Non-Thermal Production of Sexaquark Dark Matter
Non-thermal production via late-decaying reheatons can achieve the observed dark matter density for sexaquarks by controlling branching fractions and coalescence probabilities, unlike thermal freeze-out which underproduces them by many orders of magnitude.
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Measurement of the top-quark mass using decays with a $J/\psi$ meson at $\sqrt{s}=$13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
Top quark mass measured at 172.17 ± 1.56 GeV via unbinned maximum-likelihood fit to m(ℓ μ⁺μ⁻) in ATLAS Run 2 data using J/ψ decays.
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Search for dijet resonances with data scouting in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
Search for narrow dijet resonances in the 0.6-1.8 TeV mass range with data scouting in 117 fb^{-1} of 13 TeV data finds no significant signal and sets model-independent upper limits on various resonance types and dark matter mediator couplings.
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The Muonic Portal to Vector Dark Matter:connecting precision muon physics, cosmology, and colliders
A new model with SU(2)_D symmetry and vector-like muons mediates vector dark matter, simultaneously addressing relic abundance and muon g-2 while identifying an off-resonance suppression mechanism for light DM and deriving collider bounds.
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Observation of $W^{+}W^{-}\gamma$ production in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector and constraints on anomalous quartic gauge-boson couplings
ATLAS reports the observation of W⁺W⁻γ triboson production with 5.9σ significance and derives constraints on anomalous quartic gauge-boson couplings via effective field theory.