Derives analytic relic yields for dark matter production in general reheating scenarios parametrized by equation-of-state ω, cooling index α, interaction scale Λ and temperature power n, organized by two critical temperature exponents.
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Bounds on very low reheating scenarios after Planck
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abstract
We consider the case of very low reheating scenarios ($T_{\rm RH}\sim\mathcal{O}({\rm MeV})$) with a better calculation of the production of the relic neutrino background (with three-flavor oscillations). At 95% confidence level, a lower bound on the reheating temperature $T_{\rm RH}>4.1$ MeV is obtained from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, while $T_{\rm RH}>4.3$ MeV from Planck data for very light ($\sum m_i = 0.06$ eV) neutrinos. If neutrino masses are allowed to vary, Planck data yield $T_{\rm RH}>4.7$ MeV, the most stringent bound on the reheating temperature to date. Neutrino masses as large as 1 eV are possible for very low reheating temperatures.
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Freeze-in dark matter produced by kaons in low-reheating cosmologies requires larger couplings at lower reheating temperatures, directly linking the relic density to observable rates in rare kaon decay experiments.
Full numerical N-body treatment is required for reliable gravitational wave predictions from nonspherical collapse in early matter-dominated eras, with resulting spectra mappable to detector sensitivities via horizon mass and reheating temperature.
Tensor perturbations from first-order phase transitions and domain wall annihilation induce curvature fluctuations at second order that form primordial black holes, allowing asteroid-mass PBHs to comprise all dark matter for specific parameter ranges with associated gravitational wave peaks in LISA,
Non-thermal production via late-decaying reheatons can achieve the observed dark matter density for sexaquarks by controlling branching fractions and coalescence probabilities, unlike thermal freeze-out which underproduces them by many orders of magnitude.
Pre-inflationary QCD axions form dense stars with densities up to 10^4 eV^4 that contain up to 50% of dark matter after moduli domination.
Stronger couplings or inflaton-seeded initial abundance allow freeze-in dark matter to match the relic density while evading DAMIC-M and PandaX bounds for reheating temperatures below the electroweak scale.
Exponential quintessence with an assumed kination epoch relaxes the dark energy fine-tuning problem by dozens of orders of magnitude relative to a cosmological constant.
NANOGrav data favors a blue-tilted tensor spectrum with nt ≈ 2.2, radiation-dominated reheating, and alpha-vacuum states over standard Bunch-Davies, with a frequency-dependent alpha suggested to resolve the blue-tilt tension.
For an exponential quintessence potential, an analytic formula links the current equation-of-state w_φ0 to the potential slope λ while enforcing prior radiation and matter domination, yielding the bound λ < 1.94 at Ω_φ0 = 0.685.
K-inflation with non-canonical kinetic term G(φ) shifts α-attractor T-models and natural inflation into the Planck-ACT-LB-BK18 allowed region while satisfying Swampland conjectures and producing testable GW spectra.
A spectator scalar field with strong portal coupling to the inflaton sources a stochastic gravitational wave background reaching Ω_GW h² ∼ 10^{-11} at frequencies 10^7-10^8 Hz for benchmark parameters σ/λ ≃ 10^4 and T_reh = 2×10^{14} GeV.
Final Planck CMB data confirms the flat 6-parameter ΛCDM model with Ω_c h² = 0.120 ± 0.001, Ω_b h² = 0.0224 ± 0.0001, n_s = 0.965 ± 0.004, τ = 0.054 ± 0.007, H_0 = 67.4 ± 0.5 km/s/Mpc, and no strong evidence for extensions.
Early matter domination with time-dependent decay rates produces multiple first-order phase transitions whose gravitational wave signatures encode the transition and reheating temperatures.
Two minimal single-parameter extensions of the α-Starobinsky model shift ns into the 1σ ACT DR6 region while keeping r < 0.038 and yielding T_re ~ 10^9 GeV for N_k in [50,65].
Collider experiments can strongly constrain p-wave-suppressed derivative operators and thereby limit reheating temperature, DM mass, and interaction scale needed to match observed DM abundance during reheating.
Variations in pre-nucleosynthesis cosmology produce distinct seasons in the phase-space distribution of freeze-in dark matter, directly affecting its warmness and mass bounds.
Thermal corrections to reheating and freeze-in DM production rates are generally small in the computable regime but can be large in constructed counter-examples.
Multi-phase non-minimal inflation in metric and Palatini gravity predicts ns between 0.93 and 0.98, r up to 0.03 in metric but below 10^{-5} in Palatini, with non-thermal DM and leptogenesis viable for couplings in the 10^{-7} to 10^{-3} range.
Dipole dark matter produced by freeze-out or freeze-in, including entropy dilution from reheating, can be probed via neutron star heating due to momentum-dependent electromagnetic interactions.
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Non-Thermal Production of Sexaquark Dark Matter
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Seasons of Dark Matter Freeze-In Shaped by the Weather of the Early Universe
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