GWTC-5.0 adds 161 new compact binary coalescence candidates from O4b with p_astro >= 0.5, detailed properties for 104, all binary black holes, for a cumulative total of 390.
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GWTC-4 data reveals three sub-populations of binary black holes with distinct delay-time distributions that depend on mass above 45 solar masses, mass-ratio, and spin, ruling out a single universal merger rate.
Massive black hole binary mergers produce orphaned low-frequency signals in PTA pulsar terms that can be stacked for archival multiband gravitational-wave detection.
No definitive lensing is detected in GW231123, though a potential microlensing feature with modulation amplitude up to 0.8 at 95% confidence is noted, limited by large waveform systematics in short signals.
Detection of GW190814 from the coalescence of a 23 solar-mass black hole and a 2.6 solar-mass compact object, the most unequal-mass binary yet observed with gravitational waves.
The GWTC-4 BNS merger rate is 28–300 Gpc^-3 yr^-1, a factor of 3.6–18 lower than the cosmological short GRB rate and 2.3–5.1 lower than Galactic DNS estimates, implying an emerging tension among neutron-star merger probes.
Resampling cross-correlation search of LIGO O4a data sets Sco X-1 continuous-wave upper limits below torque balance (independent of inclination) for 50–200 Hz.
Deconvolution of the GWTC-4.0 BBH merger rate reveals that long-delay tails in the delay time distribution are forbidden, constraining progenitor formation histories to decline more steeply than the star formation rate and disfavoring shallow power-law DTDs such as stable mass transfer.
New simulations show that cross-correlating gravitational wave background anisotropies with galaxy distributions can enable discovery at angular scales of 4-6 degrees with next-generation observatories.
Mixture model analysis of LIGO data identifies a ~10% high-spin subpopulation with a1 ≈ 0.9 matching AGN accretion predictions, disfavoring hierarchical mergers at a1 ≈ 0.7 for that group.
Hierarchical Bayesian inference allows accurate recovery of intrinsic astrophysical source populations even when follow-up selection is unknown and correlated with parameters of interest.
Symbolic regression on GWTC-4 posteriors yields closed-form analytic formulae for merger-rate evolution, effective-spin dependencies on mass ratio and redshift, and conditional mass-ratio distributions at specific primary mass peaks.
FluxMC integrates flow matching with parallel tempering MCMC to converge in under five hours on high-fidelity IMRPhenomHM waveforms for massive black hole binaries, where standard methods fail after hundreds of hours and produce two to three orders of magnitude higher distributional error.
A Gaussian process framework with a localized-deviation kernel is used to test general relativity on simulated and GWTC-3 binary black hole signals, finding no evidence for deviations and limiting strain deviations to 7% for one event.
Score-based diffusion models learn the empirical distribution of real LIGO noise to enable unbiased gravitational-wave parameter estimation under only an additivity assumption.
Introduces a frequentist p-value approach to falsify models of binary black hole formation for events such as GW190521, showing some models are adequate while others are not.
92% of 91 LIGO black hole mergers favor non-zero V_GW, constraining bound remnants to at most 8% and finding no cosmological handedness preference with average near zero.
Statistical framework ranks candidate frequencies by combined amplitude and phase uncertainty widths from empirical percentiles, selecting 244 Hz for KAGRA sensing calibration with reduced amplitude interval width.
BBH-Genesis applied to GWTC-4 finds strongest support for a two-channel model of binary black hole populations with possible mild evidence for an AGN-related third channel.
A stripped-star-motivated five-component model for binary black hole populations is preferred over the LVK baseline by a log10 Bayes factor of 7.69 and attributes the observed mass features to isolated, dynamical, and hierarchical formation channels.
Methodological choices in dark-siren angular cross-correlations can bias H0, but forward-modelling selection, flexible bias, mock covariances and sensible binning keep the recovery unbiased for large precise samples.
No evidence for core-collapse formed low-spin IMBHs in GWTC-4, with 90% upper limit on merger rate of 0.077 Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}, low-spin BH mass truncation at 65 solar masses consistent with pair-instability gap lower edge, and high-spin IMBHs from hierarchical mergers.
SN 2025ulz, once a kilonova candidate for GW trigger S250818k, is a type IIb supernova, and type IIb shock-cooling tails should be expected as interlopers in roughly 30% of comparable GW follow-ups.
Las Cumbres achieves minute-scale GW response and GW170817-depth imaging to 250 Mpc, but galaxy-targeted follow-up is inefficient for the large O3/O4 localizations, requiring coordinated wide-field plus rapid-response strategies.
citing papers explorer
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GWTC-5.0: Observations from the Second Part of the Fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run and Updates to the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
GWTC-5.0 adds 161 new compact binary coalescence candidates from O4b with p_astro >= 0.5, detailed properties for 104, all binary black holes, for a cumulative total of 390.
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The First Detection of Sub-Populations in the Delay-Time Distribution of Binary Black Holes in GWTC-4 of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA
GWTC-4 data reveals three sub-populations of binary black holes with distinct delay-time distributions that depend on mass above 45 solar masses, mass-ratio, and spin, ruling out a single universal merger rate.
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Archival Multiband Gravitational-Wave Signals from Massive Black Hole Binary Mergers
Massive black hole binary mergers produce orphaned low-frequency signals in PTA pulsar terms that can be stacked for archival multiband gravitational-wave detection.
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The First Model-Independent Upper Bound on Micro-lensing Signature of the Highest Mass Binary Black Hole Event GW231123
No definitive lensing is detected in GW231123, though a potential microlensing feature with modulation amplitude up to 0.8 at 95% confidence is noted, limited by large waveform systematics in short signals.
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GW190814: Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 23 M$_\odot$ Black Hole with a 2.6 M$_\odot$ Compact Object
Detection of GW190814 from the coalescence of a 23 solar-mass black hole and a 2.6 solar-mass compact object, the most unequal-mass binary yet observed with gravitational waves.
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Implications of low neutron star merger rates for gamma-ray bursts, r-process production and Galactic double neutron stars
The GWTC-4 BNS merger rate is 28–300 Gpc^-3 yr^-1, a factor of 3.6–18 lower than the cosmological short GRB rate and 2.3–5.1 lower than Galactic DNS estimates, implying an emerging tension among neutron-star merger probes.
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Sub-Torque-Balance Upper Limits on Continuous Gravitational Waves from Scorpius X-1
Resampling cross-correlation search of LIGO O4a data sets Sco X-1 continuous-wave upper limits below torque balance (independent of inclination) for 50–200 Hz.
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Forbidden Formation Histories: The Binary Black Hole Merger Rate Disfavors Long Delay Times
Deconvolution of the GWTC-4.0 BBH merger rate reveals that long-delay tails in the delay time distribution are forbidden, constraining progenitor formation histories to decline more steeply than the star formation rate and disfavoring shallow power-law DTDs such as stable mass transfer.
-
Prospects for multi-messenger discovery of the gravitational-wave background anisotropies via cross-correlation with galaxies
New simulations show that cross-correlating gravitational wave background anisotropies with galaxy distributions can enable discovery at angular scales of 4-6 degrees with next-generation observatories.
-
High-Spin BBH Subpopulation from AGN Accretion
Mixture model analysis of LIGO data identifies a ~10% high-spin subpopulation with a1 ≈ 0.9 matching AGN accretion predictions, disfavoring hierarchical mergers at a1 ≈ 0.7 for that group.
-
What You Don't Know Won't Hurt You: Self-Consistent Hierarchical Inference with Unknown Follow-up Selection Strategies
Hierarchical Bayesian inference allows accurate recovery of intrinsic astrophysical source populations even when follow-up selection is unknown and correlated with parameters of interest.
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Interpretable Analytic Formulae for GWTC-4 Binary Black Hole Population Properties via Symbolic Regression
Symbolic regression on GWTC-4 posteriors yields closed-form analytic formulae for merger-rate evolution, effective-spin dependencies on mass ratio and redshift, and conditional mass-ratio distributions at specific primary mass peaks.
-
FluxMC: Rapid and High-Fidelity Inference for Space-Based Gravitational-Wave Observations
FluxMC integrates flow matching with parallel tempering MCMC to converge in under five hours on high-fidelity IMRPhenomHM waveforms for massive black hole binaries, where standard methods fail after hundreds of hours and produce two to three orders of magnitude higher distributional error.
-
A Gaussian process framework for testing general relativity with gravitational waves
A Gaussian process framework with a localized-deviation kernel is used to test general relativity on simulated and GWTC-3 binary black hole signals, finding no evidence for deviations and limiting strain deviations to 7% for one event.
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Gravitational-Wave Parameter Estimation in non-Gaussian noise using Score-Based Likelihood Characterization
Score-based diffusion models learn the empirical distribution of real LIGO noise to enable unbiased gravitational-wave parameter estimation under only an additivity assumption.
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Are all models wrong? Falsifying binary formation models in gravitational-wave astronomy
Introduces a frequentist p-value approach to falsify models of binary black hole formation for events such as GW190521, showing some models are adequate while others are not.
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Intrinsic handedness in O1-O4a black-hole mergers: probing orbital precession, remnant retention in dense environments and cosmological mirror asymmetry
92% of 91 LIGO black hole mergers favor non-zero V_GW, constraining bound remnants to at most 8% and finding no cosmological handedness preference with average near zero.
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Statistical-Uncertainty-Driven Selection of Evaluation Frequency for Time-Dependent Sensing Calibration: A Demonstration with KAGRA Data
Statistical framework ranks candidate frequencies by combined amplitude and phase uncertainty widths from empirical percentiles, selecting 244 Hz for KAGRA sensing calibration with reduced amplitude interval width.
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BBH-Genesis: Disentangling Binary Black Hole Formation Channels with GWTC-4
BBH-Genesis applied to GWTC-4 finds strongest support for a two-channel model of binary black hole populations with possible mild evidence for an AGN-related third channel.
-
Compactness Peaks and Subpopulations: Probing Stellar Physics and Formation Channels of Merging Binary Black Holes
A stripped-star-motivated five-component model for binary black hole populations is preferred over the LVK baseline by a log10 Bayes factor of 7.69 and attributes the observed mass features to isolated, dynamical, and hierarchical formation channels.
-
Dark siren cross-correlations and the sensitivity of $H_0$ to methodological choices
Methodological choices in dark-siren angular cross-correlations can bias H0, but forward-modelling selection, flexible bias, mock covariances and sensible binning keep the recovery unbiased for large precise samples.
-
How do the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's Heavy Black Holes Form? No evidence for core-collapse Intermediate-mass black holes in GWTC-4
No evidence for core-collapse formed low-spin IMBHs in GWTC-4, with 90% upper limit on merger rate of 0.077 Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}, low-spin BH mass truncation at 65 solar masses consistent with pair-instability gap lower edge, and high-spin IMBHs from hierarchical mergers.
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ENGRAVE follow-up of a type IIb supernova spatially coincident with the sub-threshold gravitational wave trigger S250818k
SN 2025ulz, once a kilonova candidate for GW trigger S250818k, is a type IIb supernova, and type IIb shock-cooling tails should be expected as interlopers in roughly 30% of comparable GW follow-ups.
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Las Cumbres Observatory Gravitational-Wave Follow-up in the Third and Fourth Observing Runs: Strengths and Weaknesses of a Rapid Response Galaxy Targeted Strategy
Las Cumbres achieves minute-scale GW response and GW170817-depth imaging to 250 Mpc, but galaxy-targeted follow-up is inefficient for the large O3/O4 localizations, requiring coordinated wide-field plus rapid-response strategies.
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Self-Lensing Signals in Binary Systems Containing White Dwarfs with Neutron star or Stellar-mass Black hole Companions
Self-lensing signals occur with probabilities of roughly 10^{-3} in WD+NS systems and 10^{-2} in WD+BH systems; TESS could detect at least one if 8% of white dwarfs have NS companions and 3% have BH companions, while Roman cannot.
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Cosmological Constraints from GW-FRB Associations without Redshift Measurements for LIGO-Virgo and Cosmic Explorer
Simulated GW–FRB associations show Cosmic Explorer can constrain cosmology and host DM without redshifts, while current LIGO-Virgo cannot.
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Where are Gaia's small black holes?
Natal kicks from supernovae are proposed to disrupt Gaia progenitor binaries containing low-mass black holes more frequently than those leading to gravitational-wave mergers, accounting for the observed difference in the 2.5-5 solar mass gap.
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Fast targeted gravitational-wave followup search for compact binary mergers using GSTLAL pipeline
A targeted gravitational-wave search modifies the GstLAL likelihood ratio with a sky localization prior from EM triggers, showing improved detection efficiency in injection studies while controlling false alarms.
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Quantification of the parameter estimation error from Rotating Core Collapse supernovae
An analytical core-bounce GW model matches Abylkairov numerical templates at 94% fitting factor and yields matched-filter β estimation errors bounded below 0.1 at decreasing β and distance.
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From Large Telescopes to the MUltiplexed Survey Telescope (MUST)
MUST is a new 6.5 m telescope designed to deliver simultaneous optical spectra for over 20,000 targets across a 5 deg² field, enabling the largest 3D spectroscopic map of the Universe with redshifts for more than 100 million objects over an 8-year survey.
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Searches for Binary Mergers with Sub-solar Mass Components in Data from the First Part of LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA's Fourth Observing Run
No sub-solar-mass compact-binary mergers were found in LIGO O4a data, giving 90% merger-rate upper limits of 110-10000 Gpc^-3 yr^-1 and weak new dark-matter constraints.
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No model-independent evidence for a peak in binary black hole spin (mis)alignments
No model-independent evidence for a peak in binary black hole spin tilts is found in GWTC-4; mass-spin magnitude correlation is confirmed but mass-tilt correlation is not.
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Training a neural network to rapidly identify candidate gravitational-wave events in the lower mass gap
A neural network is trained to predict probabilities for lower mass gap components and neutron star involvement in gravitational-wave candidates, with reported mean errors of 9% and 6% on O4a events.
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Testing cosmological isotropy with gravitational waves and gamma-ray bursts
No significant cosmological anisotropy is found in the latest GW O4a and GRBWeb datasets using angular power spectra and two-point correlation functions, consistent with the cosmological principle.
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Mirror Surface Evaluation for the Einstein Telescope Using Virtual Mirror Maps
A method to generate realistic virtual mirror maps from measured data enables systematic evaluation of surface specifications for the Einstein Telescope's optical performance.
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Chasing Gamma-Ray Signals from Binary Neutron Star Coalescences with the Cherenkov Telescope Array: Prospects and Observing Strategies
Simulations indicate that an optimized CTAO strategy could detect GeV-TeV emission from about 5% of GW-associated short GRBs, with detectability depending strongly on jet and viewing angles.
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Searching for gravitational waves from compact binary mergers powering long gamma-ray bursts during LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's O3 run
No coincident GW signals found with long GRBs in O3 run; luminosity distance limits set assuming binary merger powering.
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Distinguishing between Black Holes and Neutron Stars within a Population of Weak Tidal Measurements
Simulations indicate that catalogs of more than 200 events are needed to precisely measure the neutron-star mass fraction f_NS(m) and over 100 events to rule out all low-mass objects being black holes using gravitational-wave data alone.
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GWTC-5.0: Methods for Identifying and Characterizing Gravitational-wave Transients
Describes the methods for producing the fifth gravitational-wave transient catalog (GWTC-5.0) from O4b data of LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA.
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On the Presence of a Tertiary Compact Object in GW190814
Extended-data Bayesian reanalysis of GW190814 finds no evidence for tertiary-induced line-of-sight acceleration or residual eccentricity due to strong degeneracy between the two effects.
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Bayesian inference for compact binary coalescences with BILBY: Validation and application to the first LIGO--Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalogue
BILBY is validated on simulated compact binary signals and reproduces the eleven GWTC-1 results with configuration and output files provided for reproduction.
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GWTC-5.0: An Introduction to Version 5.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
GWTC-5.0 is a data release documenting over 300 gravitational-wave events from compact binary mergers observed through early 2025.
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Open Data from LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA through the Second Part of the Fourth Observing Run
LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA releases calibrated strain time series, noise-subtraction channels, and GWOSC v5.0 analysis products covering April 2024 to January 2025.