Large lan- guage models encode clinical knowledge,

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K. Singhal, et al., Large language models encode clinical knowledge, Nature 620 (2023) 172–180. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Singhal, Karan and Azizi, Shekoofeh and Tu, Tao and Mahdavi, S. Sara and Wei, Jason and Chung, Hyung Won and Scales, Nathan and Tanwani, Ajay and Cole-Lewis, Heather and Pfohl, Stephen and Payne, Perry and Seneviratne, Martin and Gamble, Paul and Kelly, Chris and Babiker, Abubakr and Sch. Large language models encode clinical knowledge , journal=. 2023 , month=. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 , url=

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Singhal, Karan and Azizi, Shekoofeh and Tu, Tao and Mahdavi, S. Sara and Wei, Jason and Chung, Hyung Won and Scales, Nathan and Tanwani, Ajay and Cole-Lewis, Heather and Pfohl, Stephen and Payne, Perry and Seneviratne, Martin and Gamble, Paul and Kelly, Chris and Babiker, Abubakr and Sch. Large language models encode clinical knowledge, journal=. 2023, month=. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2, url=

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Singhal, K., etc: Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature 620(7972), 172–180 (2023).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 13

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, and 1 others. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 Large language models encode clinical knowledge . Nature, 620(7972):172--180

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, Perry Payne, Martin Seneviratne, Paul Gamble, Chris Kelly, Abubakr Babiker, Nathanael Schärli, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Philip Mansfield, Dina Demner-Fushman, Blaise Agüera y Arcas, Dale Webster, Greg S. Corrado, Yossi Matias, Katherine Chou, Juraj Gottweis, Nenad Tomasev, Yun Liu, Alvin Rajkomar, Joelle Barral, Christopher Semturs, Alan Karthikesalingam, and Vivek Natarajan. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature, 620 0 (7972): 0 172--180, August 2023. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2. URL https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06291-2

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URLhttps://proceedings.mlr.press/v174/pal22a.html. Khaled Saab, Tao Tu, Wei-Hung Weng, Ryutaro Tanno, David Stutz, Ellery Wulczyn, Fan Zhang, Tim Strother, Chunjong Park, Elahe Vedadi, et al. Capabilities of gemini models in medicine.arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.18416, 2024. Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, et al. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. 20 Nature, 620:172–180, 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2. URLhttps://www.nature.com/articles/ s41586-023-06291-2. Karan Singhal, Tao Tu, Juraj Gottweis, Rory Sayres, Ellery Wulczyn, Mohamed Amin, Le Hou, Kevin Clark, Stephen R. Pfohl, Heather Cole-Lewis, et al. Toward expert-level medical question answering with large language models.Nature Medicine, 31:943–950, 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03423-7. URL https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03423-7. Sarvesh Soni, Soumya Gayen, and Dina Demner-Fushman. Overview of the ArchEHR-QA 2025 shared task on grounded question answering from electronic health records. InProceedings of the 24th Workshop on Biomedical Language Processing, pages 396–405, Vienna, Aust

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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong potential across medical applications, particularly in clinical documentation tasks such as discharge summary generation, diagnostic as- sistance, and radiology report generation [1][2]. Landmark models including Med-PaLM and Med- PaLM 2 achieved 67.6% and 86.5% accuracy on USMLE-style questions in the MedQA benchmark, respectively [3][4], while GPT-4 demonstrated competitive performance on the MultiMedQA bench- mark [5]. Among clinical documentation tasks, discharge summary generation is of particular safety significance: discharge summaries serve as the primary record guiding post-discharge medication, follow-up care, and inter-provider communication, and errors introduced at this stage propagate

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S. Karan, A. Shekoofeh, T. Tao, M. S. Sara, W. Jason, W. C. Hyung, S. Nathan, T. Ajay, C.-L. Heather, P. Stephen, P. Perry, S. Martin, G. Paul, K. Chris, B. Abubakr, S. Nathanael, C. Aakanksha, M. Philip, D.-F. Dina, A. y. A. Blaise, W. Dale, S. C. Greg, M. Yossi, C. Katherine, G. Juraj, T. Nenad, L. Yun, R. Alvin, B. Joelle, S. Christopher, K. Alan, and N. Vivek, “Large language models encode clinical knowledge,”Nature, vol. 620, no. 1, p. 172–180, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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[2] Feblowitz JC, Wright A, Singh H, Samal L, Sittig DF. Summarization of clinical information: A conceptual model. J Biomed Inform 2011;44:688-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2011.03.008. [3] Thirunavukarasu AJ, Ting DSJ, Elangovan K, Gutierrez L, Tan TF, Ting DSW. Large language models in medicine. Nat Med 2023;29:1930-40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02448-8. [4] Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, Mahdavi SS, Wei J, Chung HW, et al. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature 2023;620:172-80. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2. [5] Clusmann J, Kolbinger FR, Muti HS, Carrero ZI, Eckardt J -N, Laleh NG, et al. The future landscape of large language models in medicine. Commun Med 2023;3:141. https://doi.

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[2] Feblowitz JC, Wright A, Singh H, Samal L, Sittig DF. Summarization of clinical information: A conceptual model. J Biomed Inform 2011;44:688-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2011.03.008. [3] Thirunavukarasu AJ, Ting DSJ, Elangovan K, Gutierrez L, Tan TF, Ting DSW. Large language models in medicine. Nat Med 2023;29:1930-40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02448-8. [4] Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, Mahdavi SS, Wei J, Chung HW, et al. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature 2023;620:172-80. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2. [5] Clusmann J, Kolbinger FR, Muti HS, Carrero ZI, Eckardt J -N, Laleh NG, et al. The future landscape of large language models in medicine. Commun Med 2023;3:141. https://doi

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K. Singhal, S. Azizi, T. Tu, S. S. Mahdavi, J. Wei, H. W. Chung, N. Scales, A. Tanwani, H. Cole-Lewis, S. Pfohl, P. Payne, M. Seneviratne, P. Gamble, C. Kelly, A. Babiker, N. Sch ¨arli, A. Chowdhery, P. Mansfield, B. Demner-Fushman, F. Ag ¨uera y Arcas, D. Webster, G. S. Corrado, Y . Matias, K. Chou, J. Gottweis, N. Tomasev, Y . Liu, A. Rajkomar, J. Barral, C. Semturs, A. Karthikesalingam, and V . Natarajan, “Large language models encode clinical knowledge,”Nature, vol. 620, pp. 172– 180, 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2. [Online]. Available: https: //www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06291-2

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AI: A case study of a generative AI-based knowledge-building learning companion for teachers. British Journal of Educational Technology. 2026;https://doi.org/10. 1111/bjet.70013. [56] Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, Mahdavi SS, Wei J, Chung HW, et al. Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledge. Nature. 2023;620(7972):172-180. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2. [57] Kraemer MUG, et al. Artificial Intelligence for Modelling Infectious Dis- ease Epidemics. Nature. 2025;638(8051):623-635. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41586-024-08564-w. [58] Rao V, et al. Multimodal Generative AI for Medical Image Interpretation. Nature. 2025;639(8056):888-896. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08675-y. [59] Celik I, Kontkanen S, Laru J, Dalyanci AA.

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AI: A case study of a generative AI-based knowledge-building learning companion for teachers. British Journal of Educational Technology. 2026;https://doi.org/10. 1111/bjet.70013. [56] Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, Mahdavi SS, Wei J, Chung HW, et al. Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledge. Nature. 2023;620(7972):172-180. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2. [57] Kraemer MUG, et al. Artificial Intelligence for Modelling Infectious Dis- ease Epidemics. Nature. 2025;638(8051):623-635. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41586-024-08564-w. [58] Rao V, et al. Multimodal Generative AI for Medical Image Interpretation. Nature. 2025;639(8056):888-896. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08675-y. [59] Celik I, Kontkanen S, Laru J, Dalyanci AA

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Singhal, Karan and Azizi, Shekoofeh and Tu, Tao and Mahdavi, S. Sara and Wei, Jason and Chung, Hyung Won and Scales, Nathan and Tanwani, Ajay and Cole-Lewis, Heather and Pfohl, Stephen and Payne, Perry and Seneviratne, Martin and Gamble, Paul and Kelly, Chris and Babiker, Abubakr and Sch. Large language models encode clinical knowledge , journal=. 2023 , month=. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 , url=

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Singhal, Karan and Azizi, Shekoofeh and Tu, Tao and Mahdavi, S. Sara and Wei, Jason and Chung, Hyung Won and Scales, Nathan and Tanwani, Ajay and Cole-Lewis, Heather and Pfohl, Stephen and Payne, Perry and Seneviratne, Martin and Gamble, Paul and Kelly, Chris and Babiker, Abubakr and Sch. Large language models encode clinical knowledge, journal=. 2023, month=. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2, url=

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Singhal, K., Azizi, S., Tu, T., et al. (2023). Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature, 620, 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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K. Singhal, S. Azizi, T. Tu, S. S. Mahdavi, J. Wei, H. W. Chung, N. Scales, A. Tanwani, H. Cole-Lewis, S. Pfohl, P. Payne, M. Seneviratne, P. Gamble, C. Kelly, A. Babiker, N. Sch ¨arli, A. Chowdhery, P. Mansfield, D. Demner-Fushman, B. Ag ¨uera y Arcas, D. Webster, G. S. Corrado, Y . Matias, K. Chou, J. Gottweis, N. Tomasev, Y . Liu, A. Rajkomar, J. Barral, C. Semturs, A. Karthikesalingam, and V . Natarajan, “Large language models encode clinical knowledge,” vol. 620, no. 7972, pp. 172–180. [Online]. Available: https: //doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, Perry Payne, Martin Senevi- ratne, Paul Gamble, Chris Kelly, Abubakr Babiker, Nathanael Sch¨ arli, Aakanksha Chowdh- ery, Philip Mansfield, Dina Demner-Fushman, Blaise Ag¨ uera y Arcas, Dale Webster, Greg S. Corrado, Yossi Matias, Katherine Chou, Juraj Gottweis, Nenad Tomasev, Yun Liu, Alvin Rajkomar, Joelle Barral, Christopher Semturs, Alan Karthikesalingam, and Vivek Natarajan. Large language models encode clinical knowledge.Nature, 620(7972):172–180, August 2023. ISSN 1476-4687. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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K. Singhal,S. Azizi,T. Tu,S. S. Mahdavi,J. Wei,H. W. Chung,N. Scales, A. Tanwani,H. Cole-Lewis,S. Pfohl,P. Payne,M. Seneviratne,P. Gamble, C. Kelly, A. Babiker, N. Schärli, A. Chowdhery, P. Mansfield, D. Demner- Fushman, B. Agüera y Arcas, D. Webster, G. S. Corrado, Y. Matias, K. Chou, J. Gottweis, N. Tomasev, Y. Liu, A. Rajkomar, J. Barral, C. Semturs, A. Karthikesalingam, V. Natarajan, Large language models encode clinical knowledge, Nature 620 (7972) (2023) 172–180.doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2. URLhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, et al. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 Large language models encode clinical knowledge . Nature, 620(7972):172--180

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, et al. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature, 620 0 (7972): 0 172--180, 2023. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, et al . 2023. Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledge.Nature620, 7972 (2023), 172–180. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Large language models encode clinical knowledge , volume =. Nature , author =. 2023 , pages =. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 , abstract =

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Large language models encode clinical knowledge, volume =. Nature, author =. 2023, pages =. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2, abstract =

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K. Singhal, S. Azizi, T. Tu, S. S. Mahdavi, J. Wei, H. W. Chung, N. Scales, A. Tanwani, H. Cole-Lewis, S. Pfohl, P. Payne, M. Seneviratne, P. Gamble, C. Kelly, A. Babiker, N. Schärli, A. Chowdhery, P. Mansfield, D. Demner-Fushman, B. Agüera y Arcas, D. Webster, G. S. Cor- rado, Y . Matias, K. Chou, J. Gottweis, N. Tomasev, Y . Liu, A. Rajkomar, J. Barral, C. Semturs, A. Karthikesalingam, and V . Natarajan. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature, 620(7972):172–180, 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, and 1 others. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 Large language models encode clinical knowledge . Nature, 620(7972):172--180

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K. Singhalet al., “Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledge,”Nature,vol.620,pp.172–180,2023.[Online].Avail- able: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Singhal, K., et al. (2023). Large language models encode clinical knowledge.Nature, 620, 172–180.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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K. Singhal, S. Azizi, T. Tu, S. S. Mahdavi, J. Wei, H. W. Chung, et al., Large language models encode clinical knowledge, Nature 620 (7972) (2023) 172–180.doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, et al. 2023. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature 620, 7972 (2023), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, Mahdavi SS, Wei J, Chung HW, et al. Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledge. Nature. 2023;620(7972):172–180. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, Perry Payne, Martin Seneviratne, Paul Gamble, Chris Kelly, Nathaneal Scharli, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Philip Mansfield, Blaise Agüera y Arcas, Dale Webster, Greg S. Corrado, Yossi Matias, Katherine Chou, Juraj Gottweis, Nenad Tomasev, Yun Liu, Alvin Rajkomar, Joelle Barral, Christopher Semturs, Alan Karthikesalingam, and Vivek Natarajan. 2023. Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledge.Nature620 (2023), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, et al. Large language models encode clinical knowledge.Nature, 620(7972):172–180, 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, Perry Payne, Martin Seneviratne, Paul Gamble, Chris Kelly, Abubakr Babiker, Nathanael Schärli, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Philip Mansfield, Dina Demner-Fushman, Blaise Agüera y Arcas, Dale Web- ster, Greg S. Corrado, Yossi Matias, Katherine Chou, Juraj Gottweis, Nenad Tomasev, Yun Liu, Alvin Rajkomar, Joelle Barral, Christopher Semturs, Alan Karthikesalingam, and Vivek Natarajan. Large language models encode clinical knowledge.Nature, 620(7972): 172–180, July 2023. ISSN 1476-4687. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2. URL http: //dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, Perry Payne, Martin Seneviratne, Paul Gamble, Chris Kelly, Abubakr Babiker, Nathanael Sch\" a rli, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Philip Mansfield, Dina Demner-Fushman, and 13 others. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 Large language models encode clinical knowledge . Nature, 620(7972):172--180

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, Perry Payne, Martin Seneviratne, Paul Gamble, Chris Kelly, Abubakr Babiker, Nathanael Sch a rli, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Philip Mansfield, Dina Demner-Fushman, and 13 others. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 Large language models encode clinical knowledge . Nature, 620(7972):172--180

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Large language models encode clinical knowledge , author=. Nature , volume=. 2023 , month=. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 , url=

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Large language models encode clinical knowledge, author=. Nature, volume=. 2023, month=. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2, url=

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Singhal, Karan and Azizi, Shekoofeh and Tu, Tao and Mahdavi, S. Sara and Wei, Jason and Chung, Hyung Won and Scales, Nathan and Tanwani, Ajay and Cole-Lewis, Heather and Pfohl, Stephen and Payne, Perry and Seneviratne, Martin and Gamble, Paul and Kelly, Chris and Babiker, Abubakr and Schärli, Nathanael and Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Mansfield, Philip and Demner-Fushman, Dina and Agüera y Arcas, Blaise and Webster, Dale and Corrado, Greg S. and Matias, Yossi and Chou, Katherine and Gottweis, Juraj and Tomasev, Nenad and Liu, Yun and Rajkomar, Alvin and Barral, Joelle and Semturs, Christopher and Karthikesalingam, Alan and Natarajan, Vivek , title =. Nature , volume =. 2023 , type =. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 , url =

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Singhal, Karan and Azizi, Shekoofeh and Tu, Tao and Mahdavi, S. Sara and Wei, Jason and Chung, Hyung Won and Scales, Nathan and Tanwani, Ajay and Cole-Lewis, Heather and Pfohl, Stephen and Payne, Perry and Seneviratne, Martin and Gamble, Paul and Kelly, Chris and Babiker, Abubakr and Schärli, Nathanael and Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Mansfield, Philip and Demner-Fushman, Dina and Agüera y Arcas, Blaise and Webster, Dale and Corrado, Greg S. and Matias, Yossi and Chou, Katherine and Gottweis, Juraj and Tomasev, Nenad and Liu, Yun and Rajkomar, Alvin and Barral, Joelle and Semturs, Christopher and Karthikesalingam, Alan and Natarajan, Vivek, title =. Nature, volume =. 2023, type =. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2, url =

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi Tu, Julia Gottweis, Rory Sayres, Ellery Wulczyn, Le Hou, Peter Schuh, Karan Sareen, David Winer, Denny Wilson, et al. Large language models encode clinical knowledge.Nature, 620:172–180, 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2. URL https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06291-2

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Singhal, K., et al. (2023). Large language models encode clinical knowledge.Nature, 620, 172–180.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, Perry Payne, Martin Seneviratne, Paul Gamble, Chris Kelly, Abubakr Babiker, Nathanael Schärli, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Philip Mansfield, Dina Demner-Fushman, Blaise Agüera Y Arcas, Dale Webster, Greg S. Corrado, Yossi Matias, Katherine Chou, Juraj Gottweis, Nenad Tomasev, Yun Liu, Alvin Rajkomar, Joelle Barral, Christo- pher Semturs, Alan Karthikesalingam, and Vivek Natarajan. 2023. Large Lan- guage Models Encode Clinical Knowledge.Nature620, 7972 (2023), 172–180. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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K. Singhal, S. Azizi, T. Tu, S. S. Mahdavi, J. Wei, H. W. Chung, N. Scales, A. Tanwani, H. Cole-Lewis, S. Pfohlet al., “Large language models encode clinical knowledge,”Nature, vol. 620, no. 7972, pp. 172–180, 2023. [Online]. Available: https: //doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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K. Singhal, S. Azizi, T. Tu, S. S. Mahdavi, J. Wei, H. W. Chung, N. Scales, A. Tanwani, H. Cole-Lewis, S. Pfohl, P. Payne, M. Seneviratne, P. Gamble, C. Kelly, A. Babiker, N. Schärli, A. Chowdhery, P. Mansfield, D. Demner-Fushman, B. Agüera y Arcas, D. Webster, G. S. Cor- rado, Y . Matias, K. Chou, J. Gottweis, N. Tomasev, Y . Liu, A. Rajkomar, J. Barral, C. Semturs, A. Karthikesalingam, and V . Natarajan. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature, 620(7972):172–180, 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Large language models encode clinical knowledge , volume =. Nature , author =. 2023 , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 , abstract =

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Large language models encode clinical knowledge, volume =. Nature, author =. 2023, keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2, abstract =

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K. Singhal, S. Azizi, T. Tu,et al., “Large lan- guage models encode clinical knowledge,”Nature, vol. 620, no. 7972, pp. 172–180, 2023, PMID: 37438534, doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Singhal, Karan and Azizi, Shekoofeh and Tu, Tao and Mahdavi, S. Sara and Wei, Jason and Chung, Hyung Won and Scales, Nathan and Tanwani, Ajay and Cole-Lewis, Heather and Pfohl, Stephen and Payne, Perry and Seneviratne, Martin and Gamble, Paul and Kelly, Chris and Babiker, Abubakr and Sch. Large language models encode clinical knowledge , journal=. 2023 , month=. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 , url=

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Singhal, Karan and Azizi, Shekoofeh and Tu, Tao and Mahdavi, S. Sara and Wei, Jason and Chung, Hyung Won and Scales, Nathan and Tanwani, Ajay and Cole-Lewis, Heather and Pfohl, Stephen and Payne, Perry and Seneviratne, Martin and Gamble, Paul and Kelly, Chris and Babiker, Abubakr and Sch. Large language models encode clinical knowledge, journal=. 2023, month=. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2, url=

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, Perry Payne, Martin Seneviratne, Paul Gamble, Chris Kelly, Abubakr Babiker, Nathanael Schärli, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Philip Mansfield, Dina Demner-Fushman, Blaise Agüera y Arcas, Dale Webster, Greg S. Corrado, Yossi Matias, Katherine Chou, Juraj Gottweis, Nenad Tomašev, Yun Liu, Alvin Rajkomar, Joelle Barral, Christopher Semturs, Alan Karthikesalingam, and Vivek Natarajan. 2023 a . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 Large language models encode clinical knowledge . Nature, 620(7972):172--180

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Singhal, K., Azizi, S., Tu, T., Mahdavi, S.S., Wei, J., Chung, H.W., Scales, N., Tanwani, A., Cole-Lewis, H., Pfohl, S., et al., 2023a. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature 620, 172–180. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2

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Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, et al. Towards expert-level medical question answering with large language models.Nature, 620: 399–404, 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2