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arxiv: 2606.17132 · v1 · pith:EFILZXBVnew · submitted 2026-06-15 · ✦ hep-ph · astro-ph.HE· hep-ex· hep-th· nucl-th

Are neutrinos Majorana? Fixed-target and high-energy astrophysical searches decide

Gabriela Barenboim , Mauricio Bustamante , Qinrui Liu This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-27 03:15 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph astro-ph.HEhep-exhep-thnucl-th
keywords Majorana neutrinosDirac neutrinosheavy neutral leptonsSHiP experimentneutrino telescopesflavor mixingastrophysical neutrinosneutrinoless double beta decay
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The pith

Heavy neutral leptons can reveal whether neutrinos are Majorana by inducing a detectable flavor shift in astrophysical neutrinos.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper argues that a heavy neutral lepton would cause a shift in the flavor composition of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos only if neutrinos are Majorana fermions. This shift can be observed by neutrino telescopes at TeV to PeV energies, independent of the source flavor composition. Meanwhile, the SHiP experiment can discover such an HNL and measure its mixing parameters with active neutrinos. Because the effect is prominent in the muon and tau sectors, it avoids the limitations of neutrinoless double beta decay searches. A joint detection would confirm the Majorana nature, while its absence would favor Dirac neutrinos.

Core claim

A heavy neutral lepton triggers a high-energy shift in active neutrino flavor mixing only if the neutrinos are Majorana. For GeV-scale HNLs, SHiP can discover the HNL and its mixing, while scattering of TeV-PeV astrophysical neutrinos reveals the resulting flavor shift at Earth, detectable regardless of source composition. This provides a probe sensitive to muon and tau sectors.

What carries the argument

Heavy neutral lepton (HNL) inducing high-energy shift in active neutrino flavor mixing, observable only for Majorana neutrinos.

If this is right

  • Discovery of GeV-scale HNL at SHiP with measured mixing to active flavors.
  • Detection of altered flavor ratios in astrophysical neutrinos by telescopes.
  • The flavor shift bypasses electron-only blind spots of 0νββ decay.
  • Correlated signals would establish neutrinos as Majorana particles.
  • Lack of correlated signals would indicate Dirac neutrinos.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • This method links laboratory fixed-target experiments with high-energy astrophysics in a new way.
  • It could be extended to other high-energy neutrino sources or experiments.
  • If neutrinos are Majorana, this might constrain the scale of new physics beyond the standard model.
  • Future improvements in flavor resolution at telescopes would enhance the test.

Load-bearing premise

The high-energy flavor mixing shift triggered by the HNL occurs exclusively when neutrinos are Majorana and can be distinguished in astrophysical scattering despite unknown source flavors.

What would settle it

Finding an HNL at SHiP whose mixing would predict a flavor shift but observing no such shift in astrophysical neutrino data, or observing the shift without an HNL at SHiP.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.17132 by Gabriela Barenboim, Mauricio Bustamante, Qinrui Liu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p001_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: shows R as a function of |UαN | 2/|UeN | 2 and M plane (α = µ, τ ). We identify three distinct regions: R ≪ 1: The 0νββ mass is sensitive, astrophysical neutrinos are insensitive. The 0νββ mass is dominantly sensitive to an HNL when |UeN | 2 ≫ |UµN | 2 , |UτN | 2 , i.e., in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: FIG. 14 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: FIG. 15 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: FIG. 16 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_16.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Determining whether the neutrino is a Dirac or Majorana fermion remains a fundamental open question. Conventional searches rely on neutrinoless double beta decay, but this electron-only channel suffers from blind spots. We propose a new, complementary probe to overcome this limitation. A heavy neutral lepton (HNL) triggers a high-energy shift in how the active neutrino flavors ($\nu_e$, $\nu_\mu$, $\nu_\tau$) mix -- but only if the neutrinos are Majorana. For GeV-scale HNLs, the upcoming beam-dump experiment SHiP can discover the HNL and measure how it mixes with the active flavors. Separately, the scattering of TeV--PeV astrophysical neutrinos can resolve the HNL, revealing a shift in the proportions of each flavor arriving at Earth that could be detected by neutrino telescopes, regardless of the unknown flavor composition at the astrophysical neutrino sources. Because this flavor shift is most sensitive to the muon and tau sectors, it bypasses the blind spots of neutrinoless double beta decay. A correlated signal at SHiP and next-generation neutrino telescopes would prove that neutrinos are Majorana; its absence would point to them being Dirac.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes that a GeV-scale heavy neutral lepton (HNL) induces a high-energy shift in active-neutrino flavor mixing only if neutrinos are Majorana. Discovery and mixing measurements of the HNL at the SHiP beam-dump experiment, combined with detection of the resulting shift in TeV–PeV astrophysical neutrino flavor ratios at next-generation telescopes, would establish the Majorana nature; absence of the correlated signal would indicate Dirac neutrinos. The effect is claimed to be observable in the muon and tau sectors and independent of unknown source flavor composition, thereby complementing neutrinoless double-beta decay.

Significance. If the central mechanism is quantitatively validated, the proposal supplies a genuinely new, multi-messenger test of the Dirac/Majorana question that is sensitive to flavor sectors inaccessible to 0νββ decay. The correlated-signal logic is falsifiable in principle and leverages existing or near-term experimental capabilities (SHiP and IceCube-Gen2/KM3NeT-class telescopes).

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract / mechanism description] Abstract and mechanism section: the load-bearing claim that the HNL-induced flavor-ratio deviation remains detectable 'regardless of the unknown flavor composition at the astrophysical neutrino sources' requires explicit demonstration that the shift vector in (e:μ:τ) space lies outside the manifold spanned by all plausible source ratios (pion-decay, muon-damped, neutron-decay, etc.) after standard oscillations. No mixing-matrix calculation, deviation magnitude, or comparison against source-variation span is provided, leaving the independence assertion unverified.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading, the positive assessment of the proposal's significance, and the constructive comment. We respond to the major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / mechanism description] Abstract and mechanism section: the load-bearing claim that the HNL-induced flavor-ratio deviation remains detectable 'regardless of the unknown flavor composition at the astrophysical neutrino sources' requires explicit demonstration that the shift vector in (e:μ:τ) space lies outside the manifold spanned by all plausible source ratios (pion-decay, muon-damped, neutron-decay, etc.) after standard oscillations. No mixing-matrix calculation, deviation magnitude, or comparison against source-variation span is provided, leaving the independence assertion unverified.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit demonstration is required to substantiate the independence claim. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated calculation (in the mechanism section or a new appendix) that computes the HNL-induced shift vector in flavor space, quantifies its magnitude for GeV-scale HNL parameters, and explicitly compares it to the span of variations arising from standard source compositions (pion-decay, muon-damped, neutron-decay) after vacuum oscillations. This will verify that the shift lies outside the source-variation manifold and remains detectable. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; proposal is self-contained

full rationale

The paper proposes a new observational strategy that correlates HNL discovery at SHiP with high-energy astrophysical neutrino flavor measurements to distinguish Majorana from Dirac neutrinos. This relies on standard BSM extensions and external experimental capabilities rather than any internal fitting, self-referential definitions, or load-bearing self-citations. No equations or predictions in the provided text reduce to inputs by construction, and the central claim remains independent of the paper's own fitted values or prior author work invoked as an unverified uniqueness theorem.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The proposal assumes standard extensions of the Standard Model with heavy neutral leptons that mix with active neutrinos only under Majorana conditions; no new free parameters or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Neutrinos can be either Dirac or Majorana fermions
    Fundamental open question stated in the abstract.
  • domain assumption Heavy neutral leptons mix with active neutrino flavors and induce flavor shifts only for Majorana neutrinos
    Core mechanism invoked for the proposed signal.

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discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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