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Binary Code Summarization: Benchmarking ChatGPT/GPT-4 and Other Large Language Models

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arxiv 2312.09601 v1 pith:23BQ5LPQ submitted 2023-12-15 cs.CR cs.CLcs.LGcs.SE

Binary Code Summarization: Benchmarking ChatGPT/GPT-4 and Other Large Language Models

classification cs.CR cs.CLcs.LGcs.SE
keywords codebinaryllmschatgptevaluationgpt-4languagelarge
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Binary code summarization, while invaluable for understanding code semantics, is challenging due to its labor-intensive nature. This study delves into the potential of large language models (LLMs) for binary code comprehension. To this end, we present BinSum, a comprehensive benchmark and dataset of over 557K binary functions and introduce a novel method for prompt synthesis and optimization. To more accurately gauge LLM performance, we also propose a new semantic similarity metric that surpasses traditional exact-match approaches. Our extensive evaluation of prominent LLMs, including ChatGPT, GPT-4, Llama 2, and Code Llama, reveals 10 pivotal insights. This evaluation generates 4 billion inference tokens, incurred a total expense of 11,418 US dollars and 873 NVIDIA A100 GPU hours. Our findings highlight both the transformative potential of LLMs in this field and the challenges yet to be overcome.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

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    Presents a byte-native LLM with bespoke tokenizer achieving 69-98% accuracy on malware family and architecture classification from raw bytes.

  2. Can LLMs Deobfuscate Binary Code? A Systematic Analysis of Large Language Models into Pseudocode Deobfuscation

    cs.SE 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    LLM deobfuscation of binaries to pseudocode depends more on reasoning ability and task-specific fine-tuning than on model size, with reasoning models showing robustness across ISAs and obfuscation levels on the new Bi...

  3. REBENCH: A Procedural, Fair-by-Construction Benchmark for LLMs on Stripped-Binary Types and Names (Extended Version)

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    REBench is a new benchmark that consolidates existing datasets into a large collection of binaries with knowledge-base-driven ground truth to enable fair LLM evaluation on stripped-binary type and name recovery.

  4. Beyond the Edge of Function: Unraveling the Patterns of Type Recovery in Binary Code

    cs.CR 2025-03 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    ByteTR recovers variable types in binary code more effectively than prior methods by decoupling unbalanced type sets, mitigating compiler optimization effects via static analysis, and modeling inter-procedural data fl...

  5. Retrofit: Continual Learning with Controlled Forgetting for Binary Security Detection and Analysis

    cs.LG 2025-11 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    RETROFIT enables continual learning for malware detection and binary summarization by retrospective-free parameter merging with low-rank sparse updates and confidence-guided arbitration, improving retention and genera...

  6. Context-Guided Decompilation: A Step Towards Re-executability

    cs.SE 2025-11 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    ICL4Decomp applies in-context learning to guide LLMs in generating re-executable decompiled code from binaries, reporting roughly 40% higher re-executability than prior methods across datasets and optimization levels.