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PYTHIA 6.4 Physics and Manual
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The PYTHIA program can be used to generate high-energy-physics `events', i.e. sets of outgoing particles produced in the interactions between two incoming particles. The objective is to provide as accurate as possible a representation of event properties in a wide range of reactions, within and beyond the Standard Model, with emphasis on those where strong interactions play a role, directly or indirectly, and therefore multihadronic final states are produced. The physics is then not understood well enough to give an exact description; instead the program has to be based on a combination of analytical results and various QCD-based models. This physics input is summarized here, for areas such as hard subprocesses, initial- and final-state parton showers, underlying events and beam remnants, fragmentation and decays, and much more. Furthermore, extensive information is provided on all program elements: subroutines and functions, switches and parameters, and particle and process data. This should allow the user to tailor the generation task to the topics of interest.
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Showing 60 of 93 Pith papers that cite this
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First observation of $CP$ violation and measurement of polarization in $B^+\to\rho(770)^0 K^*(892)^+$ decays
First observation of CP violation in B+ to rho(770)^0 K*(892)+ decays with A_CP = 0.507 and longitudinal polarization fraction f_L = 0.720 from 9 fb^-1 of LHCb data.
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Darkly Charged ALPs
Darkly charged ALPs (DALPs) forbid all d=5 ALP-SM operators and admit only two leading d=6 operators (Higgs portal and hypercharge portal), with distinct collider, cooling, and dark-matter phenomenology.
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Probing flavor effects in the QCD parton shower using $\mathbf{{\rm D}^0}$-tagged jet angularities in proton$-$proton collisions at $\mathbf{ \sqrt{s} = 5.02}$ TeV
First measurement of D0-tagged jet angularities in pp collisions at 5.02 TeV shows smaller values at low angular weight, consistent with the QCD dead-cone effect for massive quarks.
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Probing jet evolution with charged energy correlators in small systems
Charged energy correlators measured in jets at the LHC show like-sign pairs sensitive to parton shower models and unlike-sign pairs sensitive to hadronization, with charge-independent cold nuclear matter effects in p-...
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Neural Scaling Laws for Jet Generation
Scaling laws hold logarithmically for model size in autoregressive jet generation, with next-token loss correlating to physical metrics via sliced Wasserstein distance, but show weaker scaling for dataset size and com...
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Higgs Physics with the XFEL Compton $\boldsymbol{\gamma\gamma}$ Collider Concept at $\boldsymbol{\sqrt{s}=125}$ GeV
An XFEL Compton gamma-gamma collider at 125 GeV with a set transformer deep learning classifier on particle-flow point clouds can achieve high-precision Higgs measurements across hadronic, semi-leptonic, and leptonic ...
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Probing Boosted Light Scalars in the Type-I 2HDM
Boosted light scalars decaying to b b-bar in Type-I 2HDM can be tagged as double-b fat-jets and used with SM gauge bosons to probe heavy scalars up to 540 GeV at the HL-LHC for masses 30-70 GeV.
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(3+1)D event-by-event pre-equilibrium dynamics in heavy-ion collisions
Extension of KoMPoST to (3+1)D non-boost-invariant pre-equilibrium dynamics via kinetic theory response functions, chained into a full McDIPPER+KoMPoST-3D+CLVisc+SMASH simulation chain to study sensitivity of longitud...
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Stay Positive: Neural Refinement of Sample Weights
Neural refinement of Monte Carlo sample weights via phase-space scaling and a new resampling protocol that maintains averages and uncertainties.
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Measurement of jet track functions in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
First direct measurement of r_q track-function moments in dijet events, showing consistency with non-linear RG flow predictions.
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Direct-photon production in inelastic and high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV
First measurement of low-pT direct photons in 13 TeV pp collisions, showing a 3.2 sigma signal in inelastic and a 1.9 sigma hint in high-multiplicity events, with yield rising with multiplicity.
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Search for active-sterile neutrino transitions using Pierre Auger Observatory data
Using the non-observation of ultrahigh-energy neutrinos at the Pierre Auger Observatory, the collaboration sets 90% confidence limits on the active-sterile transition magnetic moment for sterile neutrino masses betwee...
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Automated NRQCD and NRQED simulations of quarkonium and leptonium production with P-wave states and physical-mass effects
MadSONS extends MadGraph to automated LO NRQCD/NRQED event generation for arbitrary S- and P-wave bound states, with dual-number projectors and physical-mass reshuffling.
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First measurement of $\mathbf{\rm \Xi_{\rm c}^{0}}$ production in $\mathbf{Pb}-\mathbf{Pb}$ collisions at $\mathbf{\sqrt{\textit{s}_{\rm NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
First measurement of prompt Ξ_c^0 baryon production in Pb–Pb collisions at √s_NN=5.02 TeV finds a nuclear modification factor reaching about 3 in the 3 < p_T < 4 GeV/c interval in 0–10% central events.
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An Optimal Transportation Approach for Improved Confidence Intervals
Optimal-transport couplings are used to construct confidence intervals that reduce coverage error relative to classical quantile-based intervals, with consistency theory and data-driven hyperparameters.
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NLO QCD and parton-shower effects for Higgs-boson production in association with a hard photon via vector-boson fusion
NLO QCD plus parton-shower matched implementation for VBF Higgs plus photon production, with studies showing small shower effects on Higgs observables and larger effects on sub-leading jets.
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On the Robustness of type-II Seesaw Collider Searches
Adding a single effective operator that makes the doubly charged Higgs decay into two leptons and a photon weakens current ATLAS limits from ~1.1 TeV to ~0.7 TeV, but requiring a hard photon in the final state restore...
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Producing and Studying Rare Isotopes in $e+A$ Collisions at the Electron-Ion Collider
Simulations indicate the EIC can produce diverse rare isotopes and measure their de-excitation gamma rays, enabling a collider-based nuclear spectroscopy program.
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An improved linear Boltzmann transport model for hadron and jet suppression in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
An improved LBT model with an earlier medium-scale insertion and color-flow tracking reproduces hadron and jet nuclear modification factors together in 5.02 TeV Pb+Pb collisions.
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Large Nc Truncations for SU(Nc) Lattice Yang-Mills Theory with Fermions
A multi-part truncation for lattice QCD with fermions enables explicit Hamiltonians in 1+1D and 2+1D and string-breaking simulations by capping basis states, electric energy, fermions per site, and using large-Nc matr...
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Non-Thermal Production of Sexaquark Dark Matter
Non-thermal production via late-decaying reheatons can achieve the observed dark matter density for sexaquarks by controlling branching fractions and coalescence probabilities, unlike thermal freeze-out which underpro...
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Look everywhere effects in anomaly detection
Weakly supervised anomaly detectors that train and test on the same data produce badly miscalibrated p-values; independent test sets are calibrated but insensitive, while k-fold cross-validation is a workable middle ground.
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Precision Measurements of Higgs Hadronic Decay Modes at the FCC-ee
FCC-ee projections show percent to per-mil precision on Higgs hadronic decay rates including first sensitivity to the rare H to strange-strange mode.
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Search for $K_{\mathrm{S(L)}}^{0} \rightarrow \pi^{+}\pi^{-}\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ decays at LHCb
No evidence for KS0 or KL0 to pi+ pi- mu+ mu- decays; first upper limits set at 1.4e-9 and 6.6e-7 (90% CL).
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Medium-induced modification of azimuthal correlations of electrons from heavy-flavor hadron decays with charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}} = 5.02}$ TeV
First Pb-Pb measurement of heavy-flavor electron-charged particle azimuthal correlations shows a near-side low-pT enhancement hint (1.27 sigma) and an away-side high-pT suppression (2.5 sigma) in central collisions.
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MATRIX HAWAII: PineAPPL interpolation grids with MATRIX
Matrix Hawaii provides a public interface between PineAPPL and MATRIX that generates interpolation grids at NNLO QCD + NLO EW accuracy for a range of LHC processes, with sub-permille interpolation errors.
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Tracing the Evolution of Nuclear Excitation at the Electron-Ion Collider
BeAGLE simulations predict that event-by-event mean transverse momentum fluctuations (kappa) at the EIC are sensitive to cascade formation time and nuclear size, but not to beam energy.
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Estimating the track-reconstruction efficiency in phenomenological proposals of long-lived-particle searches
TrackEff estimates Belle II track-reconstruction efficiency by geometrically counting drift-chamber hits, with default thresholds tuned to a Belle II tau-tau tracking efficiency measurement.
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Precise Determination of the Strong Coupling Constant from Dijet Cross Sections up to the Multi-TeV Range
A complete NNLO QCD fit to LHC and HERA dijet data yields alpha_s(m_Z) = 0.1178 with a total uncertainty of 0.0022 and tests the running coupling from 7 GeV up to 7 TeV.
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Toponium: the smallest bound state and simplest hadron in quantum mechanics
Using the b-quark production ratio at sqrt(s) near 341 GeV, a simulated CEPC experiment could discover toponium at over 5 sigma and measure the top 1S mass to about 33 MeV.
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Constraining Jet Quenching in Heavy-Ion Collisions with Bayesian Inference
A Bayesian fit to LHC jet data claims a universal jet energy-loss distribution and super-Casimir color dependence, but the color result depends on a theory-informed prior.
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A Brief Introduction to PACIAE 4.0
PACIAE 4.0 is a new public release of an event generator that adds PYTHIA 8.3 support, heavy-quark mass corrections, an improved coalescence model, and new hadron channels, but no validation is shown.
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System size and energy dependence of the mean transverse momentum fluctuations at the LHC
ALICE reports the system-size and energy dependence of mean transverse momentum fluctuations at the LHC, including a new spherocity-dependent measurement in proton-proton collisions.
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Investigating vector-like leptons decaying into an electron and missing transverse energy in e$^{+}$ e$^{-}$ collisions with $\sqrt{s} = 500$ GeV at the ILC
Simulated ILC data at 500 GeV with 1000 fb^-1 would exclude vector-like leptons up to about 100-180 GeV for small mass splittings, and across the whole studied range for a 100 GeV splitting, at a Yukawa coupling of 0.1.
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$t \bar{t}$ production as a window to invisible new physics
Phenomenological LHC study finds sensitivity to light spin-1 DM mediators in ttbar events and discrimination power from CP-sensitive angular observables in dileptonic final states.
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Vistas: A Visualization Interface for Particle Collision Simulations
Vistas is an interactive 3D visualization interface that renders distinct computational stages of Pythia Monte Carlo events as toggleable particle lines with kinematic filters.
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Search for Invisibly Decaying Light Scalars at the FCC-ee
An FCC-ee search for e+e−→Z+invisible scalar could reach σ×BR sensitivities of ~10^-2–10^-1 fb below the Z mass and claims discovery reach up to 80 GeV in a simplified singlet+DM model.
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Search for heavy Majorana neutrinos at muon-proton colliders via lepton-number-violating signals
Simulates LNV signals from heavy Majorana neutrinos (200-3000 GeV) at a 5.3 TeV μp collider and projects 2σ limits on |V_ℓN|² superior to LHC bounds for 100 fb⁻¹ and 1 ab⁻¹ luminosities.
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Inclusive charm and bottom quark pair production cross sections at hadron colliders at next-to-next-to-leading-order accuracy
NNLO QCD calculations using the MaunaKea code enhance c cbar and b bbar production cross sections by up to a factor of two over NLO predictions, reduce scale uncertainties, and match experimental data from 10 GeV to 1...
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Medium Characterization with Hard Probes: From Cherenkov Light in QED to Jet Drift in QCD
The work presents a dispersive fit for the refractive index of liquid argon incorporating anomalous dispersion and proposes jet drift in simulations of heavy-ion collisions as a way to disentangle medium properties fr...
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Jet flavor tagging with Particle Transformer for Higgs factories
Particle Transformer jet flavor tagging on ILD full and fast simulation cuts b/c background acceptance by a factor of about 5–10 versus LCFIPlus, with usable strange and quark–antiquark separation when PID is included.
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Search for the production of dark Higgs in the framework of Mono-Z$^{\prime}$ portal at the FCC-ee simulated electron-positron collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 240$ GeV
Upper limits at 95% CL are placed on the mass of the dark Higgs boson in the Mono-Z' portal model from simulated FCC-ee data at 240 GeV center-of-mass energy.
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Model-independent ZH production cross section at FCC-ee
FCC-ee could measure the total ZH production cross section to 0.31% (0.52%) precision at 240 (365) GeV by combining leptonic and hadronic Z recoil analyses.
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Semi-visible higgs decay as a probe for new invisible particles
At the HL-LHC, semi-visible Higgs decays can probe dark-SMEFT couplings to invisible scalars or fermions below 50 GeV, with the best reach for Yukawa-type operators, while invisible Z decays and unitarity constrain de...
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The role of final-state interaction modeling in neutrino energy reconstruction and oscillation measurements
Realistic variations in final-state interaction modeling can distort reconstructed neutrino energy spectra in DUNE-like experiments by amounts comparable to or exceeding those from changes in Δm²₃₂ or δ_CP, creating a...
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Disentangling Initial-State and Evolution Effects in Heavy-Ion Collisions Using EPOS and PHSD
By swapping initial conditions and evolution engines between EPOS and PHSD, the authors find that the dynamical evolution stage, not the initial state, dominates final hadron spectra and elliptic flow in 200 GeV Au+Au...
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"They Aren't Built For Me": An Exploratory Study of Strategies for Measurement of Graphical Primitives in Tactile Graphics
An exploratory study with 11 blind and low vision participants finds visual chart encodings are only partly usable in tactile graphics, so tactile-specific strategies and design guidelines are needed.
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Charged Higgs Signatures at Future Electron-Proton Colliders
At the proposed LHeC and FCC-eh colliders, conventional charged Higgs decays (to top-bottom or W-h) can reach 5-sigma discovery in parts of the model parameter space, while the exotic H± to W'Z mode has no viable disc...
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Chromo: A High-Performance Python Interface to Hadronic Event Generators for Collider and Cosmic-Ray Simulations
Chromo wraps many hadronic event generators behind a unified Python API with zero-copy NumPy access and competitive speed.
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Nuclear Physics Confronts Relativistic Collisions Of Isobars
RHIC isobar data are explained by different shapes of 96Ru and 96Zr, with 96Zr showing a large octupole deformation, so nuclear structure uncertainty, not the magnetic field, dominates the observed ratios.
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Learning from all particles in high-energy collisions
Deep learning on all particles via holistic analysis and Advanced Color Singlet Identification improves Higgs signal extraction up to sixfold in high-energy collisions.
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Generator Based Inference (GBI)
Generator Based Inference uses data-derived background generators to turn resonant anomaly detection into parameter estimation, reaching 0.1 sigma signal sensitivity on the LHCO benchmark.
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Nuclear modification of $B_c$ mesons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions based on a linear Boltzmann transport model
A linear Boltzmann transport model with Yukawa and string interactions reproduces the measured B_c nuclear modification in Pb+Pb collisions and predicts larger low-pT B_c R_AA in Au+Au at RHIC than at the LHC.
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Evaluating the Impact of Detector Design on Jet Flavor Tagging for Future Colliders
A fast-simulation study shows detectors with time-of-flight and cluster-counting particle ID tag strange jets up to 2.5 times better than SiD, while calorimeter resolution variations barely affect jet flavor tagging.
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Hybrid Hadronization -- A Study of In-Medium Hadronization of Jets
Hybrid Hadronization converts a substantial part of jet fragmentation in a QGP brick into shower-thermal recombination, which grows with medium size, carries collective flow, and boosts baryon/meson ratios.
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Unveiling E$_6$SSM Scalar Diquarks at the HL-LHC
A detector-level Monte Carlo study finds that pair-produced E6SSM scalar diquarks decaying to top-bottom pairs could be observed with >3 sigma statistical significance at the HL-LHC for masses up to 900 GeV.
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Precise determination of pomeron intercept via scaling entropy analysis
Measuring the entropy of final-state hadron multiplicities in H1 data gives a Pomeron intercept of 0.322 ± 0.007, consistent with the value from inclusive DIS cross-section scaling.
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Searching for long-lived dark scalars at the FCC-ee
A parametrized simulation of the IDEA detector at FCC-ee shows that a search for displaced vertices in Zh events can probe Higgs decays to long-lived dark scalars down to a branching ratio of about 10^-4.
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Probing a 2HDM Type-I light Higgs state via $H_{\rm SM} \to hh \to b\bar b\gamma \gamma$ at the LHC
A fast-simulation study of the Type-I two-Higgs-doublet model finds that five of six benchmark points with a light Higgs mass between 25 and 44 GeV reach above 5 sigma significance in the b bbar gamma gamma final stat...
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Precision measurement of the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry for dijet production at intermediate pseudorapidity in polarized $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV
New STAR double-spin asymmetry data for dijets at intermediate pseudorapidity favor positive gluon polarization and disfavor the JAM22 negative solution by 3.5 sigma.
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