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Electron-Ion Collider in China
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abstract
Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles such as nucleons as well as nuclei. As a future high energy nuclear physics project, an Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) has been proposed. It will be constructed based on an upgraded heavy-ion accelerator, High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) which is currently under construction, together with a new electron ring. The proposed collider will provide highly polarized electrons (with a polarization of $\sim$80%) and protons (with a polarization of $\sim$70%) with variable center of mass energies from 15 to 20 GeV and the luminosity of (2-3) $\times$ 10$^{33}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. Polarized deuterons and Helium-3, as well as unpolarized ion beams from Carbon to Uranium, will be also available at the EicC. The main foci of the EicC will be precision measurements of the structure of the nucleon in the sea quark region, including 3D tomography of nucleon; the partonic structure of nuclei and the parton interaction with the nuclear environment; the exotic states, especially those with heavy flavor quark contents. In addition, issues fundamental to understanding the origin of mass could be addressed by measurements of heavy quarkonia near-threshold production at the EicC. In order to achieve the above-mentioned physics goals, a hermetical detector system will be constructed with cutting-edge technologies. This document is the result of collective contributions and valuable inputs from experts across the globe. The EicC physics program complements the ongoing scientific programs at the Jefferson Laboratory and the future EIC project in the United States. The success of this project will also advance both nuclear and particle physics as well as accelerator and detector technology in China.
Forward citations
Cited by 45 Pith papers
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First constraints on the nonperturbative gluon Collins-Soper kernel
First lattice-QCD constraints on the nonperturbative gluon Collins-Soper kernel are obtained at near-physical pion mass with uNNLL LaMET matching on a single a=0.15 fm ensemble.
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Antineutron reconstruction in electromagnetic calorimeters with mixed-representation learning
MrCAL jointly reconstructs antineutron identity, direction and momentum from ECAL readouts alone, improving direction precision by up to 96% and achieving ~17% momentum resolution at 1 GeV/c.
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Pionic gluons from global QCD analysis of experimental and lattice data
A global fit of pion parton distributions including lattice gluon data reduces uncertainties on the high-x gluon PDF and indicates a gluon enhancement in the pion over the proton.
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Gluon Unpolarized, Polarized, and Transversity GPDs from Lattice QCD: Lorentz-Covariant Parametrization (Part I)
A Lorentz-covariant tensor basis and projection set is constructed that isolates all eight leading-twist gluon GPDs from lattice QCD matrix elements for spin-0 and spin-1/2 hadrons.
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Feasibility Study of Measuring $\Lambda^0\to n\pi^{0}$ Using a High-Granularity Zero-Degree Calorimeter at the Future Electron-Ion Collider
A Geant4 and graph-neural-network feasibility study shows the EIC Zero Degree Calorimeter can reconstruct Lambda0 -> n pi0 decays with resolutions that meet the EIC Yellow Report requirements.
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The two-loop coefficient functions for double deeply virtual Compton scattering
The paper derives the two-loop coefficient functions for the operator product expansion of two electromagnetic currents in general kinematics, the central ingredient for next-to-next-to-leading-order DDVCS predictions.
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Unbiased Data-Driven Determination of the Nuclear Dipole Amplitude in the Color Glass Condensate
The 208Pb dipole amplitude is learned from R_pPb and coherent J/ψ photoproduction data with the BK equation embedded in training, giving Q²_s0(Pb)/Q²_s0(p) = 3.17 and an MV-type initial condition.
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Transverse Charge Distribution as a Probe of Nucleon Transversity
A charge-flow measurement built only from track angles and charge signs contains a leading-twist chiral-odd dipole that matches the charge-weighted Collins moment, giving enhanced transversity-sensitive asymmetries.
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Radiative corrections in neutral-current (anti)neutrino elastic scattering at $\text{GeV}$ energies I: Nucleon targets
Radiative corrections to neutral-current (anti)neutrino-nucleon elastic scattering are computed within low-energy EFT and reach a few percent, comparable to the strange-quark effects they must be disentangled from.
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Exclusive Quark and Gluon Dijet Production as Probes of GPDs at Collider Energies
Exclusive quark and gluon dijet electroproduction is analyzed in collinear factorization as a GPD probe, extending prior work with helicity GPDs and an electromagnetic channel, with HERA comparisons and EIC projections.
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Quantum simulating multi-particle processes in high energy nuclear physics: dijet production and color (de)coherence
A quantum-circuit framework maps partonic cross-sections for multi-particle QCD processes in media, benchmarked on dipole formation and antenna radiation at leading order.
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Fermi-liquid view of viscosity in cold and dense nucleon matter
In a quasiparticle Fermi liquid with medium-dependent mass, imposing Landau matching makes the bulk viscosity manifestly non-negative and parametrically smaller than shear viscosity at low temperature, ζ/η ∝ (T/μ*)⁴.
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GUMP1.0 -- First global extraction of generalized parton distributions from experiment and lattice data with NLO accuracy
A new global extraction, GUMP1.0, fits generalized parton distributions to 2,646 experimental and lattice data points at NLO accuracy and uses them to image the proton and decompose its spin.
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Nucleon Tomography with 0-jettiness
Applying a 0-jettiness veto to transverse single-spin asymmetries in W/Z production at RHIC enhances the asymmetry signal, sharpening the test of the Sivers sign change.
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Unraveling the neutron skin thickness through jet charge in deep inelastic scattering
Jet charge distributions in electron-ion collisions are shown to be sensitive to neutron skin thickness, with peripheral collisions suppressing positive jets and enhancing negative jets.
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Proton Gravitational Structure and Mass Decomposition on the Light Front
Using a light-front Hamiltonian with three-quark and three-quark-plus-gluon Fock sectors, the authors extract quark and gluon gravitational form factors and find a proton mass decomposition of 31.5% quark energy, 34.7...
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Initial condition for the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation at next-to-leading order
A Bayesian fit to HERA total and charm cross-section data constrains the NLO Balitsky-Kovchegov initial condition and provides posterior samples for uncertainty propagation.
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Quantum computation of hadron scattering in a lattice gauge theory
On a trapped-ion quantum computer, the authors prepared multiple meson wave packets and simulated their early-time collisions in a 1+1D Z2 lattice gauge theory.
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Six-dimensional light-front Wigner distributions of the proton
All 16 leading-twist six-dimensional light-front quark Wigner distributions for the proton are computed in a spectator-diquark model, extending earlier five-dimensional and unpolarized-only results.
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Neutrino-jet correlations in charged-current SIDIS
A twist-3 calculation of charged-current SIDIS with jet detection yields a complete set of asymmetries and a charge asymmetry observable sensitive to quark flavor and strange sea.
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$B_c$, $B_s$ and $D_s$ production at lepton-hadron colliders
The paper computes leading-order electroproduction cross sections for Bc, Bs, and Ds mesons and predicts that the EIC could detect Bc with tens of events per year, whereas HERA could not.
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Transport coefficients of dense nucleon matter at low temperature
The paper expresses the bulk and shear viscosities of cold dense nucleon matter through derivatives of the thermodynamic potential, and claims that the positivity of bulk viscosity imposes an independent stability con...
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Quark Transverse Spin-Momentum Correlation of the Pion from Lattice QCD: The Boer-Mulders Function
The pion Boer-Mulders function is computed for the first time from lattice QCD and is found to decay with transverse separation, becoming compatible with zero around 0.5 to 0.6 fm.
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Generalized parton distributions of the kaon and pion within the nonlocal chiral quark model
The paper extends the nonlocal chiral quark model to strange quarks and computes kaon and pion generalized parton distributions, their QCD evolution, and strange-to-light gravitational form factor ratios.
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On the nature of fully-charmed four-quark exotic state $X(6900)$ from its photoproduction off nuclei
Nuclear photoproduction of X(6900) off carbon and tungsten is predicted to differ by 10-30% between compact-tetraquark, J/psi-psi(3770) molecular, and hybrid interpretations, potentially allowing future electron-ion c...
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T-odd transverse momentum dependent gluon distributions for tensor polarized deuteron in a spectator model
Six leading-twist T-odd gluon TMDs of a tensor-polarized deuteron are derived analytically and evaluated numerically in a spectator model with single-gluon final-state interaction.
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Exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction in photon-proton diffractive scattering: A light-front Hamiltonian approach
BLFQ proton and J/ψ light-front wave functions yield a slightly lower exclusive J/ψ photoproduction cross section than prior models, with matching exponential slope B≈3 GeV^{-2}, usable as BK initial conditions.
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Electron-Ion Collision Environment: Distribution of Quark Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum
Using NJL density-dependent quark masses in a light-front dressed-quark model, the paper predicts O(10–40%) medium modifications of GTMDs linked to quark OAM, spin, and spin–orbit correlation, and defines eA/eP GTMD r...
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Assessing the impact of the electron ion collider in China on Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering
Projected EicC DVCS asymmetry data would substantially reduce uncertainties on all leading-order Compton form factors, most strongly in the sea-quark region.
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Feasibility Study of Pion and Kaon Structure via the Sullivan Process at EicC
EicC could measure pion and kaon structure functions via the Sullivan process with statistical uncertainties below 5% (pion) and 8% (kaon) in most kinematic bins, according to Monte Carlo projections.
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Structure of lightest nuclei in the visible Universe
A two-cluster light-front model with three fitted parameters reproduces several deuteron observables, while the hidden-color mixture used to explain them is not explicitly computed.
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Basis light-front quantization approach to deuteron
Using basis light-front quantization with a six-quark plus one-gluon Fock space, the authors report that hidden color states dominate the deuteron wave function at 55.5% probability.
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QED nuclear medium effects at EIC energies
QED interactions between electrons and the screened Coulomb field of a lead nucleus produce percent-level corrections to elastic and inclusive deep-inelastic scattering rates at EIC energies.
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Gluon skewed generalized parton distributions of proton from a light-front Hamiltonian approach
Using light-front wave functions with one dynamical gluon, the authors obtain all leading-twist gluon GPDs of the proton at nonzero skewness and find diffraction-like patterns in longitudinal position space.
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Strange mesons with one dynamical gluon: A light-front approach
A basis light-front QCD model with one dynamical gluon reproduces strange meson spectra and yields kaon form factors, PDFs, and Drell-Yan cross sections testable at COMPASS++/AMBER.
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Dark photons and axion-like particles at the Electron-Ion Collider in China
Projected EicC searches could probe dark photons from about 1 MeV to 3 GeV and photon-coupled axion-like particles from 0.1 to 5 GeV, covering parameter space not yet excluded by other experiments.
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Mapping spatial distributions within pseudoscalar mesons
A new analytic parametrization of meson valence-quark GPDs yields spatial charge and mass distributions and radius ratios for pions, kaons and heavy-light mesons.
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Electromagnetic structure of charged and neutral strange vector mesons
Covariant NJL calculations give K*+ charge radius 0.45 fm² and magnetic moment 2.67 μ_N, and K*0 radius −0.04 fm² and moment 0.032 μ_N.
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Effects of flavor-mixings on charged kaon and pion parton distribution functions
Vacuum-polarization flavor mixing in the U(3) NJL model produces small, mass-difference-driven shifts in charged pion and kaon valence PDFs that mildly improve agreement with data at 4 and 27 GeV².
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$\phi$-meson spectroscopy and diffractive production using two Schr\"odinger like equations on the light-front
A two-equation light-front model reproduces the phi meson mass spectrum and HERA diffractive production cross sections, but underpredicts its decay constant.
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Di-$\pi^0$ Production and Generalized Distribution Amplitudes at Future Electron-Ion Colliders
Electron-heavy-ion collisions at the EIC could produce di-pion events at rates thousands of times higher than electron-proton or Belle II, making them a promising new way to measure pion generalized distribution amplitudes.
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Physics of the Electron-Ion Collider in China
A review of the EicC physics case argues that the proposed Chinese electron-ion collider, at 15-20 GeV collision energy, can complement the US EIC with high-precision measurements of sea-quark spin structure, proton m...
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Three-dimensional imaging of hadrons with hard exclusive reactions: advances in experiment, theory, phenomenology, and lattice QCD
A community white paper reviewing GPD-based 3D imaging of hadrons — experiment, theory, phenomenology, lattice QCD — and the roadmap toward precision tomography at JLab, COMPASS, J-PARC, and future electron-ion colliders.
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The 3D structure of the Nucleon in momentum space: TMD phenomenology
A review showing unpolarized quark TMD fits now reach collinear-PDF-like precision, while polarized and gluon TMDs remain less constrained.
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Parton Distribution Functions and their Generalizations
A textbook-style introduction to the definitions, QCD properties, experimental access, and current phenomenological status of PDFs and their generalizations.
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