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Green AI

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arxiv 1907.10597 v3 pith:SPZUJ2SJ submitted 2019-07-22 cs.CY cs.CLcs.CVcs.LGstat.ME

Green AI

classification cs.CY cs.CLcs.CVcs.LGstat.ME
keywords researchcomputationsdeeplearningcostefficientemergingfinancial
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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The computations required for deep learning research have been doubling every few months, resulting in an estimated 300,000x increase from 2012 to 2018 [2]. These computations have a surprisingly large carbon footprint [38]. Ironically, deep learning was inspired by the human brain, which is remarkably energy efficient. Moreover, the financial cost of the computations can make it difficult for academics, students, and researchers, in particular those from emerging economies, to engage in deep learning research. This position paper advocates a practical solution by making efficiency an evaluation criterion for research alongside accuracy and related measures. In addition, we propose reporting the financial cost or "price tag" of developing, training, and running models to provide baselines for the investigation of increasingly efficient methods. Our goal is to make AI both greener and more inclusive---enabling any inspired undergraduate with a laptop to write high-quality research papers. Green AI is an emerging focus at the Allen Institute for AI.

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Forward citations

Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Language Models are Few-Shot Learners

    cs.CL 2020-05 accept novelty 8.0

    GPT-3 shows that scaling an autoregressive language model to 175 billion parameters enables strong few-shot performance across diverse NLP tasks via in-context prompting without fine-tuning.

  2. Provably Reduced Sample Cost in Prior-Guided Hyperparameter Optimization

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    The paper establishes the first distribution-dependent sample complexity bounds showing that informative priors reduce required evaluations in multi-fidelity HPO while uninformative priors recover baseline performance.

  3. Characterizing Learning in Deep Neural Networks using Tractable Algorithmic Complexity Analysis

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    QuBD extends algorithmic complexity estimation to quantized DNN weights, revealing that complexity decreases during learning, increases with overfitting, follows grokking patterns, and correlates with generalization.

  4. The Hidden Cost of Thinking: Energy Use and Environmental Impact of LMs Beyond Pretraining

    cs.CY 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Full development of 7B and 32B Olmo 3 models used 12.3 GWh datacenter energy and emitted 4,251 tCO2eq, with development overheads accounting for 82% of compute and reasoning models costing 17x more to post-train than ...

  5. OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models

    cs.CL 2022-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    OPT releases open decoder-only transformers up to 175B parameters that match GPT-3 performance at one-seventh the carbon cost, along with code and training logs.

  6. DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter

    cs.CL 2019-10 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    DistilBERT compresses BERT by 40% via pre-training distillation with a triple loss, retaining 97% performance and running 60% faster.

  7. Quantifying the Carbon Emissions of Machine Learning

    cs.CY 2019-10 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Presents a calculator tool for estimating carbon emissions from ML model training along with mitigation actions.