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Quantum Simulation for High Energy Physics
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It is for the first time that Quantum Simulation for High Energy Physics (HEP) is studied in the U.S. decadal particle-physics community planning, and in fact until recently, this was not considered a mainstream topic in the community. This fact speaks of a remarkable rate of growth of this subfield over the past few years, stimulated by the impressive advancements in Quantum Information Sciences (QIS) and associated technologies over the past decade, and the significant investment in this area by the government and private sectors in the U.S. and other countries. High-energy physicists have quickly identified problems of importance to our understanding of nature at the most fundamental level, from tiniest distances to cosmological extents, that are intractable with classical computers but may benefit from quantum advantage. They have initiated, and continue to carry out, a vigorous program in theory, algorithm, and hardware co-design for simulations of relevance to the HEP mission. This community whitepaper is an attempt to bring this exciting and yet challenging area of research to the spotlight, and to elaborate on what the promises, requirements, challenges, and potential solutions are over the next decade and beyond.
Forward citations
Cited by 32 Pith papers
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Universal framework with exponential speedup for the quantum simulation of quantum field theories including QCD
Fermion extensions of the orbifold-lattice simulation framework achieve O(L^d) gates per Trotter step for QCD-like theories without oracles.
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Measurement-based simulation of lattice gauge theory dynamics with adaptive quantum circuits on a trapped-ion processor
A trapped-ion experiment demonstrates adaptive measurement-based simulation of real-time Z2 lattice gauge theory dynamics, with one-form-symmetry syndromes used for postselection.
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Universality of Magic in Local Quantum Field Theory
In any local QFT, vacuum-like states have non-flat entanglement spectra because local algebras are type III₁, so no stabilizer state can flow to them in the continuum: QFT states necessarily carry magic.
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Binary Gauss Stabilizers for Abelian Lattice Gauge Theories
Binary Gauss stabilizers provide a non-Pauli stabilizer description of the physical subspace of Z_{2^η} lattice gauge theories, enabling bit-flip error correction and gauge fixing from gauge constraints alone.
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Local Thermalization of SU(2) Lattice Gauge Fields on Quantum Computers
Quantum hardware simulation of SU(2) lattice gauge thermalization matches classical extrapolations up to 101 plaquettes after error mitigation, establishing feasibility for chaotic quantum field systems.
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Quantum simulation of scattering amplitudes and interferences in perturbative QCD
A quantum circuit encodes QCD colour factors and diagram interferences in a measurement probability, with permuted identical-particle diagrams generated by swap sorting networks.
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Creation of Wave Packets for Quantum Chromodynamics on Quantum Computers
A quantum algorithm based on Haag-Ruelle theory and LCU proposes to prepare hadron wave packets from the vacuum in 3D lattice QCD, with a success probability that shrinks polynomially with lattice spacing, energy, and...
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Lefschetz thimble-inspired weight regularizations for complex Langevin simulations
A single compact Lefschetz thimble restores correct complex Langevin convergence, and a Dyson-Schwinger bias correction recovers the original expectation values.
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Type III von Neumann Algebras are Magical
If lattice states in the thermodynamic limit have bounded magic, the local von Neumann algebra cannot be Type III, so Type III algebras require infinite magic.
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The Utility of Sparse Error Detection in Quantum Simulations
Sparse error detection in small Iceberg codes reduces systematic errors in simulated Schwinger-model observables under depolarizing noise, with diminishing returns after a few detection layers.
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Arbitrary-Distance Quantum Error Correction with Gauss's Law for $\mathbb Z_2$ Lattice Gauge Theory
Gauss's law constraints in Z2 lattice gauge theory can be made into quantum error-correcting codes of arbitrary distance, with provably optimal encoding rate within the constructed family.
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Realizing Error Suppression in Partially Fault-Tolerant Quantum Simulations with IBM Quantum Computers
Partially fault-tolerant [[4,2,2]] Iceberg-code simulations on ibm_boston improve local Ising observables over unencoded baselines by a few percent in 1D and over 200% in 2D at late times via Observable-Ranked Postselection.
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Deep inelastic scattering as a probe of entanglement: the complete QCD dipole cascade
The Shannon entropy of dipole multiplicities from the full Levin–Lublinsky equation in DIS reproduces the H1 hadron entropy, growing linearly with ln(1/x) and described by S = ln(2/3⟨n⟩) + 0.85.
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Hardware-efficient quantum simulation of intense-field QED
Hybrid trapped-ion circuits simulate nonlinear Breit-Wheeler pair production in intense-field QED with polynomial gate scaling; zero-noise extrapolation recovers photon-survival and pair signals under experimental noise.
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Ground state preparation in $(2+1)$-dimensional pure $\mathbb{Z}_2$ lattice gauge theory via deterministic quantum imaginary time evolution
Deterministic QITE with a Gauss-law-reduced Pauli pool reproduces DMRG ground-state energies of (2+1)-D pure Z2 lattice gauge theory to within 0.1% for ladders of up to 32 qubits and coupling λ ∈ [0.5, 5].
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The Practicality of Randomized Quantum Linear Systems Solvers
A randomized Fourier-series quantum linear-systems solver needs on the order of 10^15 non-Clifford gates even for a 4×4 matrix with condition number 100, making the scheme impractical despite formally bounded errors.
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Onset of Bjorken Flow in Quantum Evolution of the Massive Schwinger Model
In the 1+1D massive Schwinger model, tensor network simulation of a localized excitation reveals Bjorken-like hydrodynamic flow for small fermion mass, but not for large mass.
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Obtaining continuum physics from dynamical simulations of Hamiltonian lattice gauge theories
The paper introduces the SBTE protocol, which treats approximate time evolution error as negligible once it is below statistical uncertainty, and shows this makes continuum-limit renormalization in lattice gauge theor...
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Quantum computation of hadron scattering in a lattice gauge theory
On a trapped-ion quantum computer, the authors prepared multiple meson wave packets and simulated their early-time collisions in a 1+1D Z2 lattice gauge theory.
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Dynamical Local Tadpole-Improvement in Quantum Simulations of Gauge Theories
Tadpole improvement factors in real-time lattice gauge theory simulations are state- and time-dependent and should be updated self-consistently at each time step.
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Real-Time Simulation of Asymmetry Generation in Fermion-Bubble Collisions
Real-time tensor-network scattering of fermions off a complex-mass bubble wall in 1+1D yields a nonzero C asymmetry, captured by new magnitude and phase observables.
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Quantum thermalization of Quark-Gluon Plasma
In a 1+1D Schwinger model, strong-coupling quark Wigner functions thermalize to quantum statistical averages, while weak-coupling scalar and axial components do not because of many-body scars, and the θ-vacuum angle c...
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Efficient Quantum Simulation of QCD Jets on the Light Front
A direct second-quantized qubit encoding of the light-front QCD Hamiltonian is used to classically emulate in-medium jet evolution with up to three-particle Fock states.
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Finite size scaling of bitstring probability distributions for Rydberg arrays
Cumulative bitstring probabilities for Rydberg-ladder vacua collapse onto a Fermi-like form in −ln(p), and the shots needed to suppress the low-p tail scale exponentially with system size.
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Observation of Inelastic Meson Scattering in a Floquet System using a Digital Quantum Simulator
An 8-qubit superconducting processor observed two short-string mesons merging into a longer string meson, demonstrating inelastic meson scattering in a Floquet Z2 lattice gauge theory model.
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Investigating the axial structure of the nucleon based on large-volume lattice QCD at the physical point
Using large-volume lattice QCD at physical quark masses, the PACS Collaboration shows that a new excited-state subtraction makes the nucleon pseudoscalar and induced-pseudoscalar form factors consistent with pion-pole...
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Variational Quantum Simulation of the Interacting Schwinger Model on a Trapped-Ion Quantum Processor
A full variational quantum eigensolver run on a four-qubit trapped-ion processor successfully mapped the phase boundaries of the two-flavor Schwinger model with chemical potential, matching exact results within one st...
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All Hilbert spaces are the same: consequences for generalized coordinates and momenta
All separable Hilbert spaces of given dimension being isomorphic implies exactly six basic generalized coordinate operators and seven coordinate-momentum pairs via self-adjoint or Neumark extensions.
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Quantum computing of chirality imbalance in SU(2) gauge theory
A variational quantum algorithm with Monte Carlo sampling reproduces the exact thermal chiral condensate in 1+1D SU(2) gauge theory on 8 to 12 qubits and on IBM hardware.
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Quantum algorithms for the simulation of QCD processes in the perturbative regime
Quantum circuits for the colour algebra of perturbative QCD are presented and validated on a simulator, matching analytic colour factors for example diagrams.
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Quantum Simulation of Large N Lattice Gauge Theories
At leading order in 1/N_c, SU(3) lattice Yang-Mills reduces to a PXP spin model with one qubit per plaquette, enabling simpler quantum simulation encodings.
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Quantum Computation for Jets in Heavy Ion Collisions
This is a talk summary reviewing quantum algorithms for light-front simulation of jets, with no new technical result.
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