CMB isocurvature distinguishes Higgsed dark-photon DM production histories via a model-independent response formalism, requiring q_eff >=2 and initial displacements >3.5e4 H_* for perturbative full-abundance cases.
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Freeze-In Production of FIMP Dark Matter
Canonical reference. 94% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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abstract
We propose an alternate, calculable mechanism of dark matter genesis, "thermal freeze-in," involving a Feebly Interacting Massive Particle (FIMP) interacting so feebly with the thermal bath that it never attains thermal equilibrium. As with the conventional "thermal freeze-out" production mechanism, the relic abundance reflects a combination of initial thermal distributions together with particle masses and couplings that can be measured in the laboratory or astrophysically. The freeze-in yield is IR dominated by low temperatures near the FIMP mass and is independent of unknown UV physics, such as the reheat temperature after inflation. Moduli and modulinos of string theory compactifications that receive mass from weak-scale supersymmetry breaking provide implementations of the freeze-in mechanism, as do models that employ Dirac neutrino masses or GUT-scale-suppressed interactions. Experimental signals of freeze-in and FIMPs can be spectacular, including the production of new metastable coloured or charged particles at the LHC as well as the alteration of big bang nucleosynthesis.
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UNVERDICTED 47representative citing papers
A minimal dark matter model with one complex scalar carrying B and L numbers, stabilized by proton stability, with mass near the proton mass and relic density from UV freeze-in.
Derives analytic relic yields for dark matter production in general reheating scenarios parametrized by equation-of-state ω, cooling index α, interaction scale Λ and temperature power n, organized by two critical temperature exponents.
PBH dark matter spans all naturalness tiers, with some mechanisms as natural as WIMPs or freeze-in particles, determined by abundance map structure rather than candidate type.
A 0.233 g silicon athermal phonon detector with 361.5 MeV/c² rms resolution sets the strongest direct-detection limits on dark matter-nucleon cross sections for masses 44–87 MeV/c² after 12 hours of exposure.
Non-supersymmetric spin-3/2 dark matter with baryon-violating portals can explain the relic abundance through UV and Boltzmann-suppressed freeze-in, with viable parameter space constrained by indirect detection, direct detection, and LHC monojet searches.
Freeze-in dark matter produced by kaons in low-reheating cosmologies requires larger couplings at lower reheating temperatures, directly linking the relic density to observable rates in rare kaon decay experiments.
Presents a tensorized GPU implementation of the 2-to-2 elastic self-collision operator for dark-sector particles and applies it to a two-source freeze-in scenario where self-interactions erase bimodal features.
Numerical polology framework samples coupling space to discover ghost-free tensor field theories up to rank three for cosmology, then applies resulting priors to black hole superradiance, dynamical dark energy, and GW data.
Astrophysical uncertainties in dark matter halo models produce O(1% to 100%) fractional deviations in predicted single-phonon rates, but can be captured by parameter variations within the Standard Halo Model after rms-matching.
The cS2HDM unifies a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone dark matter candidate with electroweak baryogenesis in a two-Higgs-doublet plus complex singlet setup, featuring naturally suppressed DM-nucleon scattering and CP-violating Higgs interactions under flavour alignment.
Asymmetric reheating in Dark QED produces dark matter via a new channel where DM particles annihilate while still being created by inflaton decay, with the hidden-to-visible temperature ratio tied to the square root of the Yukawa coupling ratio.
Weyl x SU(2)L x U(1)Y gauge theory with quadratic curvature generates Einstein-Hilbert action, Higgs potential, and Standard Model masses via spontaneous Weyl symmetry breaking.
Finite size of puffy dark matter is identified as a fundamental factor affecting Sommerfeld enhancement, characterized via two dimensionless parameters, with nugget-type DM showing resonant behavior akin to point-like particles.
Generalization of scalar-fermion Yukawa systems in constant-EOS cosmologies identifies scaling regime with constant energy density ratio from approximate scale invariance and asymptotic regime recovering bare mass.
Stronger couplings or inflaton-seeded initial abundance allow freeze-in dark matter to match the relic density while evading DAMIC-M and PandaX bounds for reheating temperatures below the electroweak scale.
Bose-Einstein condensate formation in neutron stars enhances dark matter annihilation by 10^15-10^20, allowing freeze-in models to produce observable heating and probe neutrino-fog scattering cross-sections.
Freeze-in at low reheating temperatures allows MeV-scale dark matter in vector portal models to be probed by future direct detection experiments in nuclear recoils for 50-500 MeV masses and via enhanced solar neutrino coherent scattering.
Gravitational scalar production yields reheating-dependent constraints on dark matter scalars, with dilution preserving viability for k<4 low-temperature reheating and factorization in multi-stage cases.
Sequential freeze-in dark matter with a dark photon mediator of mass 0.01-10 GeV fixes the dark charge at 1.3e-12 and restricts mixing to 10^{-11} to ~10^{-8}, with SHiP excluding most of this range except near 10^{-11}.
Lepton parity stabilizes a Majorana fermion as freeze-in dark matter produced via right-handed neutrino or Higgs decays, yielding detectable gravitational waves or ΔN_eff depending on scalar couplings.
A dark U(1)_D model with dark Higgs inflation and low reheating allows dark photon dark matter to achieve the observed relic density for a wider range of couplings, with inflation predictions matching Planck, BICEP/Keck and ACT data.
Dark matter freezes in from non-thermal Z' decays before reheating ends in an inflationary model with a secluded U(1)_D gauge sector, Z' reheaton, and lattice treatment of non-perturbative effects, opening viable parameter space with GW probes.
Lepton parity stabilizes a Majorana fermion dark matter candidate while an accidental Z2 symmetry in the scalar potential creates unstable domain walls whose decay produces observable gravitational waves.
citing papers explorer
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CMB Test of the Higgs Origin of Dark-Photon Dark Matter
CMB isocurvature distinguishes Higgsed dark-photon DM production histories via a model-independent response formalism, requiring q_eff >=2 and initial displacements >3.5e4 H_* for perturbative full-abundance cases.
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Minimal Proton-Mass Dark Matter
A minimal dark matter model with one complex scalar carrying B and L numbers, stabilized by proton stability, with mass near the proton mass and relic density from UV freeze-in.
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Freeze-in and ultra-relativistic freeze-out during general reheating scenarios
Derives analytic relic yields for dark matter production in general reheating scenarios parametrized by equation-of-state ω, cooling index α, interaction scale Λ and temperature power n, organized by two critical temperature exponents.
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Are Primordial Black Holes a Natural Dark Matter Candidate?
PBH dark matter spans all naturalness tiers, with some mechanisms as natural as WIMPs or freeze-in particles, determined by abundance map structure rather than candidate type.
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First Limits on Light Dark Matter Interactions in a Low Threshold Two Channel Athermal Phonon Detector from the TESSERACT Collaboration
A 0.233 g silicon athermal phonon detector with 361.5 MeV/c² rms resolution sets the strongest direct-detection limits on dark matter-nucleon cross sections for masses 44–87 MeV/c² after 12 hours of exposure.
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Decaying spin-3/2 dark matter from baryon number violation
Non-supersymmetric spin-3/2 dark matter with baryon-violating portals can explain the relic abundance through UV and Boltzmann-suppressed freeze-in, with viable parameter space constrained by indirect detection, direct detection, and LHC monojet searches.
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Kaon Portal to Freeze-in Dark Matter
Freeze-in dark matter produced by kaons in low-reheating cosmologies requires larger couplings at lower reheating temperatures, directly linking the relic density to observable rates in rare kaon decay experiments.
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KineticXGPU: A Tensorized Collision Operator for Dark-Sector Self-Scattering
Presents a tensorized GPU implementation of the 2-to-2 elastic self-collision operator for dark-sector particles and applies it to a two-source freeze-in scenario where self-interactions erase bimodal features.
-
Numerical polology: towards next-generation model-building for cosmology
Numerical polology framework samples coupling space to discover ghost-free tensor field theories up to rank three for cosmology, then applies resulting priors to black hole superradiance, dynamical dark energy, and GW data.
-
Astrophysical Uncertainties in Sub-GeV Dark Matter Detection via Single Phonon Excitations
Astrophysical uncertainties in dark matter halo models produce O(1% to 100%) fractional deviations in predicted single-phonon rates, but can be captured by parameter variations within the Standard Halo Model after rms-matching.
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Towards a Unified Framework for Pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone Dark Matter and Electroweak Baryogenesis
The cS2HDM unifies a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone dark matter candidate with electroweak baryogenesis in a two-Higgs-doublet plus complex singlet setup, featuring naturally suppressed DM-nucleon scattering and CP-violating Higgs interactions under flavour alignment.
-
Asymmetric Reheating of Dark QED
Asymmetric reheating in Dark QED produces dark matter via a new channel where DM particles annihilate while still being created by inflaton decay, with the hidden-to-visible temperature ratio tied to the square root of the Yukawa coupling ratio.
-
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and the Emergent Einstein-Standard Model: From Weyl x SU (2)L x U (1)Y Gauge Theory to Geometric Mass Generation
Weyl x SU(2)L x U(1)Y gauge theory with quadratic curvature generates Einstein-Hilbert action, Higgs potential, and Standard Model masses via spontaneous Weyl symmetry breaking.
-
Size Dependence of the Sommerfeld Enhancement for Puffy Dark Matter
Finite size of puffy dark matter is identified as a fundamental factor affecting Sommerfeld enhancement, characterized via two dimensionless parameters, with nugget-type DM showing resonant behavior akin to point-like particles.
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The cosmology of long range Yukawa interactions in general backgrounds
Generalization of scalar-fermion Yukawa systems in constant-EOS cosmologies identifies scaling regime with constant energy density ratio from approximate scale invariance and asymptotic regime recovering bare mass.
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When direct detection constrains reheating temperature: freeze-in with stronger couplings and inflaton-seeded freeze-in
Stronger couplings or inflaton-seeded initial abundance allow freeze-in dark matter to match the relic density while evading DAMIC-M and PandaX bounds for reheating temperatures below the electroweak scale.
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Probing freeze-in dark matter using Bose-Einstein condensate in neutron star
Bose-Einstein condensate formation in neutron stars enhances dark matter annihilation by 10^15-10^20, allowing freeze-in models to produce observable heating and probe neutrino-fog scattering cross-sections.
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New benchmarks for direct detection of freeze-in dark matter in vector portal models
Freeze-in at low reheating temperatures allows MeV-scale dark matter in vector portal models to be probed by future direct detection experiments in nuclear recoils for 50-500 MeV masses and via enhanced solar neutrino coherent scattering.
-
Gravitational scalar production with a generic reheating scenario
Gravitational scalar production yields reheating-dependent constraints on dark matter scalars, with dilution preserving viability for k<4 low-temperature reheating and factorization in multi-stage cases.
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Illuminating sequential freeze-in dark matter with dark photon signal at the CERN SHiP experiment
Sequential freeze-in dark matter with a dark photon mediator of mass 0.01-10 GeV fixes the dark charge at 1.3e-12 and restricts mixing to 10^{-11} to ~10^{-8}, with SHiP excluding most of this range except near 10^{-11}.
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Cosmological Probes of Lepton Parity Freeze-in Dark Matter: $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ & Gravitational Waves
Lepton parity stabilizes a Majorana fermion as freeze-in dark matter produced via right-handed neutrino or Higgs decays, yielding detectable gravitational waves or ΔN_eff depending on scalar couplings.
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Low-reheating scenario in dark Higgs inflation and its impact on dark photon dark matter production
A dark U(1)_D model with dark Higgs inflation and low reheating allows dark photon dark matter to achieve the observed relic density for a wider range of couplings, with inflation predictions matching Planck, BICEP/Keck and ACT data.
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Dark Matter Freeze-in from a $Z^\prime$ Reheaton
Dark matter freezes in from non-thermal Z' decays before reheating ends in an inflationary model with a secluded U(1)_D gauge sector, Z' reheaton, and lattice treatment of non-perturbative effects, opening viable parameter space with GW probes.
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Lepton parity dark matter and naturally unstable domain walls
Lepton parity stabilizes a Majorana fermion dark matter candidate while an accidental Z2 symmetry in the scalar potential creates unstable domain walls whose decay produces observable gravitational waves.
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Type II Seesaw Leptogenesis in a Majoron background
Spontaneous wash-in leptogenesis in Type II Seesaw with Majoron pNGB background enables baryon asymmetry generation alongside dark matter cogenesis for specific v_T, v_sigma and m_j ranges.
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Electronic Direct Detection of Light Dark Matter with Intermediate-Mass Mediators
For sub-GeV dark matter, the light and heavy mediator mass limits in direct detection are separated by up to three orders of magnitude in mediator mass, enabling precise sensitivity calculations for Si, Ge, and DAMIC-M targets.
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Self-interacting dark matter and core formation in field low-surface-brightness galaxies
Order-of-magnitude estimates exclude a self-interaction cross section of 1 cm²/g for dark matter in isolated low-surface-brightness galaxies while favoring 0.1 cm²/g.
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Dark Matter Production from Bubble Collisions during a First-Order Phase Transition at the End of Inflation
Bubble collisions during a first-order phase transition at the end of inflation can generate the observed dark matter abundance in a restricted region of parameter space via direct production and spectator decays.
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Searching for UFOs from the early universe: direct detection prospects for relativistically decoupling dark matter
Ultrarelativistically decoupling dark matter in Z' portal models has direct detection cross sections that existing experiments like LZ and XENONnT have already excluded over large regions, leaving testable space above the neutrino fog for 0.4 GeV to 1 TeV masses.
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Can LLP detectors probe the reheating temperature? A case study of vector dark matter
In a vector dark matter extension of the Higgs portal, far detectors at colliders can probe otherwise inaccessible parameter space and set novel bounds on the reheating temperature.
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The 3-3-1 Model: a natural framework for sub-MeV dark matter
The 3-3-1 model with right-handed neutrinos supplies a natural sub-MeV dark matter candidate as a gravitationally massive pseudo-Goldstone boson whose relic density is set by freeze-in at low reheating temperatures.
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Freeze-in at all couplings
In low-reheating-temperature charged-parent freeze-in dark matter models, stronger couplings are viable if both dark matter and mediator number densities are tracked, with updated LHC and lepton-flavor-violation constraints.
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Strong First-Order Electroweak Phase Transition and Gravitational Waves in a $\mathbb{Z}_4$ Fermion-Scalar Dark Matter Model
In a Z4 fermion-scalar dark matter model, strong first-order electroweak phase transitions and gravitational wave signals occur only in the thermal two-component regime with Mψ < MS < 2Mψ or the decay-driven WIMP-FIMP regime with MS > 2Mψ after dark matter constraints.
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Photons, jets and missing momentum from a two-vector dark sector
A cut-based LHC analysis of photon+jets+missing momentum from a two-vector dark sector finds that a three-bin missing transverse momentum strategy substantially improves expected reach into relic-abundance-compatible parameter space.
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Gravitino Freeze-In Dark Matter with an Additional Scalar Field
An additional scalar field dilutes gravitino freeze-in dark matter for matter-like equations of state, permitting larger reheating temperatures consistent with leptogenesis.
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From WIMP to FIMP during reheating: collider vs non-collider probes for p-wave annihilation
Collider experiments can strongly constrain p-wave-suppressed derivative operators and thereby limit reheating temperature, DM mass, and interaction scale needed to match observed DM abundance during reheating.
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Improved Big Bang Nucleosynthesis constraints on decaying massive relics
Updated exclusion contours on lifetime, mass and abundance of decaying BSM relics from refined BBN modeling of hadronic and electromagnetic injections across multiple two-body channels.
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Freeze-in $SU(2)$ vector dark matter at low reheating temperature
Low-reheating-temperature freeze-in of SU(2) vector dark matter yields three stable degenerate states and enlarges the viable parameter space relative to abelian models, with part already constrained by PandaX-4T and LZ.
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Minimal Majoron Dark Matter
In the minimal Majoron model the particle can explain all dark matter with mass below about 10 MeV from misalignment or freeze-in, and remains compatible with thermal leptogenesis when misalignment dominates or with mild tuning.
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Seasons of Dark Matter Freeze-In Shaped by the Weather of the Early Universe
Variations in pre-nucleosynthesis cosmology produce distinct seasons in the phase-space distribution of freeze-in dark matter, directly affecting its warmness and mass bounds.
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Freeze-In Dark Matter and Leptogenesis: a $\psi'$SM route
In an E6-derived ψ'SM extension, a singlet fermion acts as freeze-in dark matter with relic density set by scalar decays for masses from a few MeV to hundreds of GeV, while type-I seesaw neutrinos simultaneously produce the observed baryon asymmetry via leptogenesis.
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In-depth analysis of the clustering of dark matter particles around primordial black holes. Part III: CMB constraints
CMB data limits the s-wave annihilation cross section of thermal dark matter particles to ≲ 10^{-30} cm³/s scaled by PBH fraction and mass for PBHs heavier than ~10^{-10} solar masses.
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Thermal effects on Dark Matter production during cosmic reheating
Thermal corrections to reheating and freeze-in DM production rates are generally small in the computable regime but can be large in constructed counter-examples.
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Light neutrinos, Dark matter and leptogenesis near electroweak scale and $Z_4$ symmetry
Z4-symmetric Type I seesaw fits neutrino data with minimal parameters and enables freeze-in dark matter plus resonant leptogenesis via soft symmetry breaking.
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Neutron stars as thermometers for reheating induced dipole dark matter
Dipole dark matter produced by freeze-out or freeze-in, including entropy dilution from reheating, can be probed via neutron star heating due to momentum-dependent electromagnetic interactions.
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Constraints on a Light Leptophilic Scalar from Dark-Sector Couplings
A parameter space analysis of a leptophilic scalar mediator model for Majorana dark matter yields a viable sub-GeV region after applying relic density, cosmological, astrophysical, and laboratory constraints.
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Flavor phenomenology of light dark particles
Review surveying limits and prospects for flavor-violating decays of light axion-like particles, highlighting complementarity of lab, astro, and cosmo probes up to 10^12 GeV scales.